Non-proliferation treaty

By the time of the development of the CWC RevCon provisions in the late 1980s, the convening of Review Conferences of other multilateral arms control treaties at approximately five-yearly intervals had become an estabhshed norm, in particular for the 1968 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the BWC. The CWC negotiators readily agreed that CWC RevCons should be held no later than one year after the expiry of the fifth and the tenth year after entry into force of this Convention . Although the actual procedures to initiate RevCons under the CWC dif-... 

The United Nations. Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. [cited March 2003] . 

Elbaradei, M., 1995 non-proliferation treaty review and extension conference, IAEA-SM-333/205, p. 13, Vienna, 1994. 

Concerning Ceau escu s conception of the nuclear fuel cycle it is worth noting reports that prior to 1990 Romania did undertake some, at the time undeclared, research into plutonium separation, producing minute quantities of this nuclear weapons proliferation sensitive material. Romania, however, never developed a nuclear weapon and it is a signatory of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (FAS, 2008). 

More than two decades since it was concluded, the Chanical Weapons Convention ranains the most comprehensive disarmament and non-proliferation treaty in the history of multilateral arms control. 

Coppen T (2012) The role and rationale of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty in the twenty-first century. Rom J Soc Polit 2 95-119. http //conflictandsecuritylaw.org/web documents/ tom coppen rjsp.pdf. Accessed 7 Jan 2015... 

Ipsen K (1991) Explicit methods of arms control treaty evolution. In Dahlitz J, Dicke D (eds) The international law of arms control and disarmament proceedings of the symposium, Geneva, 28 Eebruary-2 March 1991. United Nations, New York, pp 75-93 Joyner D (2011) Interpreting the nuclear non-proliferation treaty. Oxford University Press, Oxford... 

Nj0lstad N (2011) Nuclear proliferation and international order challenges to the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Routledge, New York... 

Shaker M (1980) The nuclear non-proliferation treaty origin tmd implementation 1959-1979 (Volume 1). Oceana Publications, London... 

The requirement is more easily stated than realised. Although there is a precedent in the International Atomic Energy Agency, which supervises nuclear power industries under the provisions of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, comparisons are hardly apposite. The... 

In the first place, the Convention like the Non-Proliferation Treaty may not be comprehensive in remit. States who possess or may wish to possess chemical weapons may decide either not to sign the treaty or not to ratify it. Secondly, the treaty will not be instantaneous in its effects. Several stages will have to be completed, including the declaration of stocks, production facilities and previous transfers of chemical weapons, to be followed by the destruction of stocks and facilities over a period of ten years. Throughout this period the superpowers will have to retain a credible deterrent to chemical attack as well as extensive measures of anti-chemical defence. Thirdly, verification can never be 100 per cent successful. Despite the techniques of on-site inspection, stocks of bulk agents (which deteriorate less rapidly than filled munitions) or even small production facilities could be... 

Additional regulatory considerations and possible design limitations would arise from Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT) related safeguards requirements for significant quantities of fissionable materials and physical security requirements to restrict entry to controlled areas to authorized personnel and maintain adequate surveillance. 

For safeguards fuel characterization within the framework of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, non-destructive techniques for burnup determination are required, even for fuels with comparatively long decay times. Attempts have been made to select pairs of y-emitting fission products whose ratio can be used not only to verify the fuel burnup, but also to determine the Pu U ratio in the fuel as well as the cooling time. It has been reported that the ratios of the radionuclides 154eu 137( 5 i34 j. 137( 5 fyjfjj these requirements (e. g. Berndt, 1988). The... 

The United States Will Lead tim CNirge to Esetend Inctefintteiy the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty, to Enact a Comprehensive Nuci r T Ban and to ELIMINATE CHEMICAL WEAPONS ... 

Decides that none of the obligations set forth in this resolution shall be interpreted so as to conflict with or alter the rights and obligations of State Parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention or alter the responsibilities of the International Atomic Energy Agency or the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons ... 

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