Aristotle Physics

In his study of a related issue involving the artificial products of both artists and alchemists, Newman has analysed the medieval and Renaissance scholastic debate concerning the rightful role of art vis-a-vis nature. This had been defined by Aristotle [Physics II I I92b8-I4).= ... 

Aristotle. Physics in Great Books of the Western World. Volume 8. 

Aristotle. Physics, trans. R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye, in W D. Ross, The Works of Aristotle (Oxford Oxford University Press, 1966). 

Cotter, R.J., Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Instrumentation and Applications in Biological Research. American Chemical Society Publication, Washington, 1997. Aristotle, Physics. Oxford University Press, United Kingdom, 1999. 

Aristotle. Physics. Translated by R.P. Hardie and R.K. Gaye. In The Complete Works of Aristotle The Revised Oxford Translation. Volume One. Edited by Jonathan Barnes. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1984,315-446. 

For the distinction between natural things and artifacts Aristotle, Physics, Book II, 192 b 9-18, 28. See also Stump (2006). 

Aristotle, Physics, in Aristotle Selected Works, Third Edition, translated by H. G. Apostle and L. P. Gerson (The Peripatetic Press, Grinnell, Iowa, 1991), pp. 169-240. 

See Aristotle, Physics, 8.i Diogenes Laertius [Lives of the Philosophers], 8.76,... 

Nuclear Physics Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 540 06,... 

This question, which freezes first, hot water or cold water, is a favorite of popular science magazines. This discussion is taken from the web site http //math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/hot water.html. Sir Francis Bacon, Descartes and even Aristotle are said to have remarked on it. There are five factors that can make the hot water freeze faster than expected. 

Among the endocrine organs, the testes are unique because they are suspended in a tissue pouch outside of the body cavity. The testes can be felt and these organs are vulnerable to physical insults, either deliberate or accidental. The effects of castration were described by Aristotle over three hundred years B.C. Removal of the testes or castration as a form of punishment or tribute dates to antiquity. Domestic animals and some cases humans were castrated to make them more docile. Castrata were valued as harem keepers. In addition, seasonal changes in behavior and the dramatic anatomical and behavioral events associated with puberty were components of the natural world (Bronson and Heideman, 1994). Thus, an awareness of a relationship between the testes and human behavior predates written history. 

Aristotle explained the process of boiling as a combination of moisture and heat. If heat is added to a substance that contains moisture, the heat draws the moisture out. The process results in the substance dividing into two parts. When the moisture leaves, the substance becomes thicker, whereas the separated moisture is lighter and rises. Aristotle used this type of reasoning to explain numerous physical and chemical processes including evaporation,... 

Aristotle was perfectly at liberty to be sceptical about atoms, because the arguments for and against were all philosophical. Somewhat remarkably, the same was true even at the end of the nineteenth century, when several distinguished scientists shared Aristotle s view. Wilhelm Ostwald, a German physical chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1909, typified the conviction of many scientists that atomism was merely a convenient hypothesis and not to be taken too literally. 

To Plato and Aristotle are we mainly indebted for our knowledge of the physical theories of their predecessors, whose views they present apparently quite fully and fairly while subjecting them to the analysis and criticism of the agreeing or differing points of view of their own philosophic standpoint. 

Probably the concept of atomism could have gone little further than with Democritus so long as exact experimental means of questioning nature were not employed. The atomic theory of matter and indeed the effort to account for the phenomena of nature by physical causes were to lose in interest to the ancient philosophers through the influence of the two greatest philosophers of ancient times, Plato and Aristotle. 

It was not without difficulties that the reestablishment of the authority of Aristotle was effected. Some of his doctrines such as his concept of the eternity of the physical universe, and other ideas which seemed in conflict with the doctrines accepted by the church, excited some opposition. In 1209 the vyorks of Aristotle were condemned and forbidden. In. 1210 at the Provincial Synod at Paris the teaching of Aristotelian doctrines of natural philosophy was forbidden—nec libri Aristotelis de vaturali philosophia nec commenta legantur Parisiis publice vel secreto. 

Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics Physics Dept., Campus Box 149 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki GR-54006 Thessaloniki, Greece... 

The adverse effects of stress and depression, the effects of bereavement, unemployment and social isolation on mental and physical health have been known since antiquity. Aristotle advised physicians, "Just as you ought not to attempt to cure eyes without head or head without body, so you should not treat body without soul." One of the fathers of modem medicine put it more scientifically in the 19th century when he recommended that when attempting to predict health outcomes from tuberculosis in patients, it is just as important to know what is going on in a man s head as it is in his chest. 

Aquinas claims that the category of quality flows from form and that the category of quantity flows from matter. Furthermore, although Aquinas does not use the word motion in his derivation in the Metaphysics commentaries, it is clear from the following passage that he is talking about motion as Aristotle in Physics III, 2, characterizes it... 

That body is a genus in the category of substance also dovetails with Aristode s repeated insistence that individual bodies are substances. For instance, in Physics II1, Aristotle says ... 

Aristotle characterizes mathematics in slighdy different ways in different places. Nonetheless, in each characterization, he emphasizes the idea that mathematicians somehow ignore or abstract away from the physical aspect of material substances. In Metaphysics XI, Aristo-de says that a mathematician studies his object after leaving out what is sensible, such as heaviness and lightness, and instead studies, qua quantities and qua continuous, quantities that are continuous in one, two or three dimensions. 

Thesis I finds support in Aristotle s division of substance in book XU of die Metaphysics. Thesis II comes direedy from Aristode s discussion of the category of quantity in the Metaphysics. Thesis III comes direedy from Aristode s discussion of change in the Physics. Thesis IV comes from Aristode s claim that form is a principle of motion. Thesis V comes from Aristode s views that composite substances have forms and that bodies in the category of substance are composites. Thesis VI is, of all the theses, the most controversial In fact, I shall reject it in chapter 4. Nonetheless, as shall become apparent there, the connection between prime matter and extension is sufficiendy intimate that the above solution to the body problem can easily be altered in order to accommodate what is the correct understanding of prime matter. Finally, thesis VII emerges from an examination of Aristode s understanding of the qua locution. 

To deny that the elemental contraries enform matter is to deny the existence of prime matter. Among those who have denied that Aristotle thinks there is prime matter are H.R. King, "Aristode Without Prime Matter,"Journal of the History of Ideas 17 (1956) 370-89 W Charlton, Aristotle s Physics Books I-II (Oxford, 1970) Barrington Jones, "Aristode s Introduction of Matter," Philosophical Review 83 (1974) 474-500 M. Schofield, Metaph. 

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