Northeast Asia

O Hashi, K. and Hiraishi, K. (2001). A perspective of renewable energy and new technology in northeast Asia. World Energy Council, 18th Congress, Buenos Aires, October 2001. Tokyo Asian Pipeline Research Center of Shibaura Institute of Technology, Northeast Asian Gas and Pipeline Forum. 

Inside the world of Chinese characters in Northeast Asia, when a need arose to distinguish the civilised subjects of the empire from the... 

Choi S.-D. and Chang Y.-S. (2006). Carbon monoxide monitoring in Northeast Asia using MOPITT Effects of biomass burning and regional pollution in April 2000. Atmospheric Environment, 40(4), 686-697. 

In the second stage, the control of production and importation of chemicals is introduced, in response to wide spread use of various chemicals. Registration and evaluation of chemicals become an important part of the system. These kind of measures were taken around 1990 in Northeast Asia, except for Japan, where the first law of this type was introduced as early as 1973, as a response to a serious pollution incident with printed circuit boards (PCBs). 

Then, chemicals control becomes further sophisticated, as risk management measures are introduced in the light of the precautionary principle. Risk reductions by private companies and risk communications among various stakeholders are considered essential. Measures such as Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) and Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) have been introduced. This type of measures has become important in Northeast Asia since the late 1990s. 

For a recent discussion, see H. Smith, Northeast Asia Frustrated by US Pyongyang Policy , Jane s Intelligence Review 15 11 (November 2003), pp. 32-35. 

Estimate the fixed capital cost, the working capital, the cash cost of production, and total cost of production for a new 400,000 metric ton per year (400 kMTA) adipic acid plant located in Northeast Asia. The prices of adipic acid, phenol, hydrogen, and nitric acid have been forecasted for Northeast Asia as 1400/MT, 1000/MT, 1100/MT, and 380/MT, respectively. Assume a 15% cost of capital and a 10-year project life. 

The ISBL cost is on a U.S. Gulf Coast basis, so we need to convert to a Northeast Asia basis. If we look up the location factor in Table 6.7, then it is not clear what factor we should use. The location factor for Japan is 1.26, while for China it varies from 0.6 to 1.1, depending on the amount of indigenous vs. imported equipment used. Since the exact location of the plant has not yet been specified, we are not able to make a definitive assessment of what the location factor should be. As a first approximation, we therefore assume it is 1.0 and note that this should be revisited as part of the sensitivity analysis. 

The adipic acid process is a relatively complex process and essentially contains two plants phenol hydrogenation and KA oil oxidation. We should therefore assume at least four shift positions for each plant, say nine total. For a Northeast Asia basis, we expect that the salary cost per shift position will be lower than the typical 50,000 per year that we would assume for a U.S. Gulf Coast plant. As a first approximation this is estimated as 30,000/y. The remaining salary and overhead costs are fixed following the assumptions given in Section 6.2.4. 

Shen, H., Mao, Zh., Wu, J. (1998). Land-ocean interaction in the Changjiang estuary. In Geoenviron-mental Changes and Biodiversity in the Northeast Asia. The First International Symposium, Seoul, South Korea, 49-50. 

Amongst various sub-regions, the biggest area under crops is in South Asia followed by Northeast Asia. Land use details for Central Asia are not available but the region has about 24,200 ha of croplands and 37,100 ha under rangelands (Glazovsky,... 

In Northeast Asia, the worst sufferers from land degradation are the Kalmykia and Astrakhan regions (6 million ha) in Russia as well as south Siberian steppe soils. In the Siberian steppe at least 25% of arable land is subject to erosion. About 12 million ha have been salinized and waterlogged with development of soil alkalization. The latter process also proceeds in the northeast Kazakhstan steppes. 

In Northeast Asia an example of a basin-wide approach is the Tumen River Area Development Program participated in by China, North Korea, Mongolia, South Korea and Russia. 

Thus, the following links of the nitrogen biogeochemical cycle accounted for the mass balance calculations in Northeast Asia and the whole East Asian domain input— deposition, fertilizers, biological N fixation, import of food and products, riverine fluxes and output—crop uptake, denitrification, volatilization, runoff, sedimentation and sea water exchange. All calculations were conducted for 1994-1997 and the mean values were used, (see Table 16). 

However, it is well known that various pollutants including sulfur compounds can be transported by air from country to country in the whole Asian domain and especially in Northeast Asia. Thus, the model calculations have shown that in 1991-1994 about 35% of oxidized sulfur species deposited in Sonth Korea was transported from somewhere, mainly from China (Sofiev, 1998). Accordingly, in spite of national reduction in SO2 emission, the snlfnr depositions are still very significant. 

Collection The plant is indigenous to northeast Asia but is now being grown commercially in a few places in the United States. It is usually commercially purchased, the root already cut and sifted to industry standards. 

Zhu, R.X., et al.. New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia, Nature, 431, 559, 2004. 

Several fungicides inhibit 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene reductase (MBI-Rs) (Table 20.2). These inhibitors have been used since the 1970s, such as pentachlor-obenzyl alcohol (PCBA) (6), tricyclazole (7) (Eli Lilly, 1975), pyroquilon (8) (Ciba, Pflzer, 1985) and fthalide (9) (Kureha, 1971), without any resistance problems and retain considerable economical importance, mainly in Northeast Asia. They are not discussed in more detail here. 

Surface ozone measurements from 1992 to 1997 of Cape Hebdo (26°N, 128°E) at the northern tip of Okinawa Island were analyzed in order to stndy ozone trends in northeast Asia. The measurements from October to March were selected, because during this time the site was often in the ontflow of the continental air masses. The cases which represent polluted air masses advected from the continent were selected by trajectory analyses. From this collective an increasing trend of ozone of 2.6 2.0% per year was calculated in the polluted air of the continent. An increasing trend of the annual mean valnes was also found in the background air of Japan (see previous discussion). A further increase in ozone concentrations in east Asia is predicted becanse the NOx emissions of the Asian continent are expected to increase by a factor of 3 from 1990 to 2010 if no measnres are taken for emission reduction. 

Fig. 36.4 Existing trade corridors of Northeast Asia (2001). (Produced by the University of Wisconsin Cartographic Laboratory, modeled after Hisako Tsuji Key Transportation Corridors in Northeast Asia ERINA REPORT , 2(X)1)...

Olzovoy, K. (1996). A Mongol s view of economic development and cooperation in Northeast Asia. The Mongolian Journal of Internatiorud Affairs, 3, 60-67. 

Tsuji, H. (2001). Key transportation corridors in Northeast Asia Overcoming physical and regulatory impediments - ERINA REPORT - erina.or.jp. 

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