Architecture Concepts

Membrane architecture concepts are as varied as the material concepts and are equally important in determining the success of an oxygen transport device. The architecture can be considered from a membrane standpoint (thick dense membrane, supported thin film, sandwich structure) and from a system standpoint (tubular, planar, monolith). 

The step change in pore structure can be fabricated in discrete steps. It also allows the use of dissimilar materials for the porous structure, as used in early Westinghouse SOFC cathode designs and discussed by Thorogood et al. for oxygen transport membranes [12]. 

A preferred embodiment of an oxygen transport membrane would thus have a thin porous support on the feed side to improve oxygen exchange, a thin dense separation membrane, a fine pore structure interfacial layer to facilitate oxygen transfer out of the membrane and a coarse porous support to maximize product flow and provide the structural support. An example is shown in Fig. 6.4. The coarse porous support material could be made out of inert material because it is not chemically active in the transport of oxygen. This allows the use of less expensive materials which may also have better strength characteristics. 

Dense membrane Fine porous active layer 

In the case of a solid oxide fuel cell, the anode or cathode support can be relatively thin because the component does not need to bear a very high load. However, in the case of oxygen transport membranes, the porous support needs to withstand a differential pressure of 20 atm or greater. Therefore, porous supports which are several millimeters thick are often considered. Alternatively, other concepts for strengthening the support structure are considered. These can include internal structures such as multichannel tubes, distinct solid porous inserts in tubes [21] and support braces in planar geometries. Examples of such structures are shown in Fig. 6.5 and 6.6. 

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Mankins, John C., "A Fresh Look at Space Solar Power New Architectures, Concepts and Technologies," LAF-97-R.2.03, 38th International Astronautical Federation. 

Figure 5.8 shows schematically a design architecture concept of metal plates [29]. The thin anode and cathode plates were stamped to form a hydrogen flow field and air/oxygen flow field, respectively. The coolant flow field was formed simultaneously and the closed channel was generated when the anode plate and cathode plate were bonded together. The cross-section shape of the flow field or flow channel varies depending on the required flow supply in the specific fuel cells. 

Abstract. Service-oriented architectures define an architectural style for the construction of a heterogeneous application landscape. By abstracting services, business processes are decoupled from the underlying applications. This section describes how the results of the IMPROVE subproject 13, related to the model-driven development process for wrapper construction, are transferred and extended to the area of business process applications. We present an approach which yields a prototype to formally specify service descriptions and service compositions. This prototype makes it possible to evaluate and explore service-oriented architecture concepts. 

P.-A. Johnson. 1994. The Theory of Architecture Concepts Themes and Practices. New York Wiley. 

Typical monolithic washcoats are composed of support materials to disperse the catalytic component and additives to stabilize and promote their flmction. The Strategic Material Architecture concept builds on the premise that each particular catalytic function within the washcoat is surrounded by its own optimum environment to enhance a particular reaction. Application of the washcoat to the... 

Open-architecture concept A general methodology for the development of functional modules that may be readily integrated to form a higher-level system through weU-defined design and interface constructs. 

The architectures modeled in this appendix are the "generic" architectures. Actual commercial implementations may vary. While the architecture concepts are presented with programmable electronic controllers the concepts apply to sensor subsystems and final element subsystems. 

ISO 26262 is based on the system architecture. The vehicle itself consists of different systems their electric and electronic architecture is modeled in the according development process. The design and development of the EEA of a vehicle is based on the work products from preceding development phases like the design of a broadly defined system architecture concept. In the future it has to consider the results of analysis, considerations and classification of safety aspects, demanded by ISO 26262. The electric and electronic (EE) part of the system architecture is iteratively refined and detailed during the development process. The impact of ISO 26262 to the modeling of the EEA and the contribution of the EEA modeling towards the fulfillment of the overall safety concept is discussed in this paper. 

According to ISO 26262, safety requirements comprise several attributes, not all are relevant to be considered for the development of the EEA. SGs express a statement in textual form and have the attribute ASIL. Both should be available in the EEA model. Although the SGs are not directly allocated to artifacts of the EEA ([6] part 3, chapter 8.1), they are needed to track deriving of ESRs. Following the ISO 26262 lifecycle, ESRs are allocated to the elements of the preliminary architectural concept for the item ([6] part 3, chapter 8.2). 

Due to the level of abstraction used at the specification of the preliminary architecture concept (Figure 4), the information of all aspects must be partitioned to different diagrams, obligatorily increasing the level of detail. 

From the attributes of the FSRs allocated to the elements of the preliminary architectural concept, besides their ASIL, functional redundancy aspects ([6] part 3, chapter 8.4.2.3), warning concepts ([6] part 3, chapter S.4.2.4), timing constfaints ([6] part 3, chapter S.4.2.3) and additional performance properties (bus load, wire cross-section, etc.) are important, because of their correlation with the elements to model in the EEA and their relationship. 

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