Aquatic toxicity biodegradation/bioaccumulation

Presently, there is a strong demand for environmentally acceptable fluids. As biolubes , they need to satisfy biodegradation and bioaccumulation standards, which mineral oil-based fluids cannot achieve. Therefore, the use of synthetic and natural esters for many industrial applications will develop [119]. Not only the base fluids but also the antioxidants used in them will have to fulfil certain specifications for aquatic toxicity, biodegradation and bioaccumulation. Because the antioxidant response of these new fluids is different from mineral oil-based lubricants, new classes of ashless bio-antioxidants may need to be developed. 

Test data indicates no associated acute aquatic toxicity but may show chronic toxicity. It is reported to be readily biodegradable, but may pose a moderate bioaccumulative risk based on a log Kow value of 5.6. 

The Design Safer Compounds part of GCES can be extended with estimation software from the EPA for bioaccumulation (bcfwin), biodegradation (biowin), and aquatic toxicity (ecowin). 

Variables commonly used in PARs and SARs are summarized in Table 4. The main processes of interest relative to the bioactivity of aquatic contaminants are bioaccumulation, biodegradation, and acute toxicity (LC50), but inhibition of key biological processes such as respiration rate and photosynthesis also are used in some PARs and SARs as measures of a compound s toxicity. The physicochemical properties listed in Table 4 reflect molecular structure, but they are not structural characteristics themselves. Relationships based on these properties thus should be called property-activity relationships (PARs), and the term (quantitative) structure-activity relationship, (Q)SAR should be restricted to relationships based on structural or topological parameters. However, the literature is not consistent in this terminology, and the line between structural characteristics and properties resulting from structure is not always clear. 

Based on its physical and chemical properties as well as empirical biodegradation data, DEEP is not expected to degrade quickly in the environment. It is persistent in water, soil, and sediments. It also has the potential to accumulate in organisms and may biomagnify in food chains. The substance has been determined to meet the persistence and bioaccumulation criteria. In addition, aquatic toxicity data indicate that the substance is potentially highly hazardous to aquatic organisms. 

Due to their poor water solubility (less than 1 mg/L), disperse dyes have low acute ecological impact. Especially the acute toxicity to aquatic life is generally low. Nevertheless, according to the European chemicals legislation disperse dyes are classified as substances, that may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment [40,41], because they are not easily biodegradable and suspected of being potentially bioaccumulative due to their hydrophobicity. 

This product is toxic to aquatic organisms and should not be released into the environment. It is not readily biodegradable and has a medium potential to bioaccumulate based on the estimated Log Kow value of >6.0. 

This substance is toxic to aquatic organisms. The reported log Kow value is 4.77, which indicates a moderate potential to bioaccumulate. The chemical is biodegradable but tends to partition into sediment where it is relatively persistent. 

Readily biodegradable and has a low potential to bioaccumulate. Not expected to be toxic to die aquatic environment. 

Not expected to be harmful to aquatic organisms. Not expected to demonstrate chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms. Material is expected to partition to sediment and wastewater solids. Minimally volatile. Expected to be readily biodegradable and the potential to bioaccumulate is low. 

Highly toxic to fish and aquatic plants. Has die potential to bioaccumulate and is not readily biodegradable. 

Does not bioaccumulate or persist in environment Biodegradability > 90% in <2 weeks. Considered to be toxic to aquatic organisms. 

Contents indude metabolic processes, microbial processes, biodegradation and bioaccumulation, aquatic and soil biochemistry, organometallics, inorganic and organic toxic compounds, and toxic natural products. 

CPs are non-biodegradable and are bioaccumulative. They have been detected in marine and freshwater animals and in sediments in industrial areas and have also been found in remote locations. They are toxic to aquatic life. 

Methoxychlor. Its chemical structure and properties are similar to those of DDT, but it biodegrades more easily. Aquatic organisms metabolize it and transform it into other less toxic substances and therefore it does not lead to significant bioaccumulation phenomena. 

Aromatic sulfonates and their amino- and hydroxy-derivatives are produced on a large scale in the chemical industry. Although the acute toxicity and the risk of bioaccumulation appear to be small, they became persistent and widespread environmental pollutants due to their high mobility in the aquatic compartments and limited biodegradability. 

This material is not readily biodegradable. If released into the environment, it is expected to partition mainly into the soil due to its insolubility in water. It is considered to be non-toxic to aquatic organisms and its potential to bioaccumulate is low. 

Ecotoxicology data indicates that there is low concern for acute toxicity to fish, aquatic plants, and aquatic invertebrates. The data indicate that the material is not readily biodegradable however, due to the low water solubility, environmental exposures are expected to be low. There is a low potential for bioaccumulation. 

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