Applications to Specific Problems

Several problems solved by the ET method are illustrated in this section. The first one, the origin of musk odor, is given in more detail to illustrate the possibilities of the method. 

Based on the results of the ET investigation, the following rules of musk odor can be formulated  

The electron-topological fragments I and II are the necessary features of molecules to exhibit musk odor. In the case of flexible molecules, changes in conformation by interaction with (adaptation to) the olfactory receptor have to be taken into account. 

The features I and II, being necessary ones, may not be sufficient for the musk fragrance activity. The main additional requirement is that there is no conformational steric hindrance prohibiting direct (simultaneous) interaction of the groups I and II with the olfactory receptor, i.e., steric accessibility of the functional groups must be guaranteed. 

Because of other conditions not taken into account in the electron-topological approach, exceptions from the above two rules are possible. These have to be analyzed separately in each case. 

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Micro-mesh sieves have been applied to the determination of solid propint ingredients (Refs 17 35) and similar materials where sieve analyses are required with great accuracy in the very fine range. They are also applicable to specific problems such as the analysis of magnetic powders, and of powders consisting of mixts of substances of different specific gravities or the preparation of clearly defined particulate fractions in a short time... 

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS, N.N. Lebedev. Translated by Richard Silverman. Famous Russian work treating more important special (unctions, with applications to specific problems of physics and engineering. 38 figures. 308pp. 5H 8k. 

Various sample holders, several of which are illustrated in Figure 3.21, have been described (40) and their applications to specific problems discussed. The labyrinth, self-generated atmosphere type of sample holder has previously been examined (Chapter 2.)... 

The applications of automatic continuous segmented analysers can aiso be classified according to the type of detection system involved. Thus, 70-75 of all the methodologies described on this topic used molecular UV absorption spectroscopy (spectrophotometry, photometry), followed by ISE potentiometry (10-15 ) and, much less often, nephelometry, fluorimetry, etc. The applications described below were mostly developed with the aid of Technicon technology and are classified according to this criterion —other applications to specific problems related to laboratory processes are described in the corresponding chapters. 

The student s confidence, and his ability to apply thermodynamics m novel situations, can be greatly developed if he works a considerable number of problems which are both theoretical and numerical in character. Thermod3nriamic8 is a quantitative subject and it can be mastered, not by the memorizing of proofs, but only by detailed and quantitative application to specific problems. The student is therefore advised not to aun at committing an3rthing to memory. The three or four basic equations which embody the laws , together with a few defining relations, soon become familiar, and all the remainder can be obtained from these as required. 

The Chinese developed several bridge types in parallel. The empire s variety of geography, materials and traditions generated diversity, and its bureaucracy and centralisation promoted standardisation. Forms with different origins were improved to a consistency to provide a lexicon applicable to specific problems. Canal-side... 

Individual types of electrical apparatus, of course, require protective schemes that are specifically applicable to the problem at hand. There are, however, common detection principles, relaying designs and devices that apply to all. 

Detailed accounts of the application of the theory of color to specific problems, including the methods of formulation and solution of the equations giving the energy levels and wave functions, will be published elsewhere. 

Throughout our discussions we have emphasized the application of thermodynamic methods to specific problems. Successful solutions of such problems depend on a familiarity with practical analytical and graphical techniques as well as with the theoretical methods of mathematics. We consider these practical techniques at this point references to them were made in earlier chapters for the solution of specific problems. 

Severd dozen other reviews discuss the application of XAS to specific problems. 

With the development of powerful computers, these methods have been restricted in practice to the application in specific problems where no other calculations are available. For non-relativistic atomic systems, they have been replaced by quantum mechanical calculations like Monte Carlo or multiconfigurational Hartree-Fock ones. Nevertheless, Thomas-Fermi estimates can be easily evaluated by non-specialists in theoretical calculations and in some problems they provide a starting point for more sophisticated procedures. Moreover, they are interesting for theoretical purposes such as finding relationships among different average quantities [4]. 

For experimental determination of diffusion coefficients, a large database is already available. Nonetheless, data for specific applications are often difficult to find because the data may not cover the right temperature range, mineral compositions, or fluid conditions. In geospeedometry applications, data often must be extrapolated to much lower temperatures and the accuracy of such extrapolation is difficult to assess. Because the timescale of geological processes is often in the order of Myr, and that of experiments is at most years, instrumental methods to measure very short profile are the key for the determination of diffusion coefficients that are applicable to geologic problems. 

The material in this section seeks to answer two questions How well do the models reproduce what is known and How costly are specific models in comparison with alternative models Concerns related to the practical application of molecular mechanics and quantum chemical models are deferred until Section III, while actual applications to chemical problems are put off until Section IV. 

Finally, no single magic solid adsorbent that accumulates all organic components from water is available no universal adsorbent is expected to emerge in the future. Instead, several different adsorbents and combinations of these adsorbents will be tested continuously for applicability to specific analytical and bioassay problems. 

Other Applications IPCR Tailored to Specific Problems. 280... 

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