Applications practical, viscosities required

Practical applications of FLCPs require the retention of fast response times at room temperature. Attempts to reduce the response time by increasing the spontaneous polarization failed, since introduction of strong lateral dipole moments in the side chains increases not only P but also the viscosity, the overall result being an increase in T. Hence the following materials have been developed to reduce the viscosity of... 

Unfortunately, the CLS method has some practical and technical disadvantages and limitations. From a practical viewpoint, it is only applicable for concentration properties, rather than nonconcentration properties (such as viscosity, octane number, etc.). In addition, one must be sure that all of the spectrally active analytes that could be present in a process sample have been identified, in order to build a sufficiently relevant model. Furthermore, if one wants to use estimated pure component spectra as a basis for the CLS method, one must be able to obtain or prepare calibration standards in which the concentrations of all spectrally active analytes in all of the calibration standards are known. This requirement can make the CLS method rather resourceintensive for many PAT applications. 

In the manufacture of paper, starch-based adhesives are used either to strengthen the paper base or for coating the surface of the paper. Raw starch is unsuitable for either purpose. To achieve sufficient adhesive power with raw starch would require the application of a solution that was far too thick for practical use. Instead, chemically modified starch, with a much lower viscosity in solution, is used. As an economical alternative to modifying the starch with aggressive oxidizing agents, the starch can be treated with enzymes ( df-amylases) to obtain the same thinning effect... 

Not one known plasticizer can fulfill all of these requirements for practical applications. Liquid plasticizers with good general properties and low viscosity are... 

Emulsion Pipeline Operations. Prediction of pipeline pressure gradients is required for operation of any pipeline system. Pressure gradients for a transport emulsion flowing in commercial-size pipelines may be estimated via standard techniques because chemically stabilized emulsions exhibit rheological behavior that is nearly Newtonian. The emulsion viscosity must be known to implement these methods. The best way to determine emulsion viscosity for an application is to prepare an emulsion batch conforming to planned specifications and directly measure the pipe viscosity in a pipe loop of at least 1-in. inside diameter. Care must be taken to use the same brine composition, surfactant concentration, droplet size distribution, brine-crude-oil ratio, and temperature as are expected in the field application. In practice, a pilot-plant run may not be feasible, or there may be some disparity between pipe-loop test conditions and anticipated commercial pipeline conditions. In these cases, adjustments may be applied to the best available viscosity data using adjustment factors described later to compensate for disparities in operating parameters between the measurement conditions and the pipeline conditions. 

Ashless antioxidants Lack of quality reliability claimed for passenger car engine oils in the United States led to the introduction of ILSAC GF-1 (API SH) for 1994 model year vehicles and the adoption of the American Chemistry Council Product Approval Code of Practice which addresses quality assurance issues. A similar system was adopted later in Europe. With the application of the ACC Code of Practice, the commonly used concentration of alkylated diphenylamine antioxidants in the oil was increased in order to pass Sequence HIE viscosity control requirements [106]. When the Sequence HIE, of 64 h test duration, was replaced by the Sequence IIIF, of 80 h duration, with ILSAC GF-3 (API SL) for 2001 model year vehicles, the trend to use higher concentrations of ashless antioxidants continued. 

A ir pollution restrictions are now controlling the solvent mixtures used - in epoxy resin-based coatings requiring reformulation. In conforming to these restrictions, the study of alternate solvent mixtures has been systematized and simplified by epoxy resin solubility maps and ternary diagrams. This paper presents the practical application of this reformulating technique with emphasis on special effects like improvements in drying rate and lower viscosity. 

Many of the difficulties encountered by these early investigators were related to the insistence of the paint makers that hiding power be determined in "practical" paint systems—that is, that the amount of pigment present be based upon the amount required to produce brushing viscosity in a simple linseed oil vehicle. Since pigments varied in both density and oil absorption, pigment volume concentrations were seldom comparable. The same paint makers also insisted upon a "practical" brush application and preferred visual to instrumental comparisons. 

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