Applications other inorganic solids

For some applications, it is important to distinguish between volatile and nonvolatile solids. For example, the bioactive organic portion of mixed liquor suspended solids in secondary activated sludge textile wastewater treatment systems is volatile, whereas grit and other inorganic solids are non-volatile. To determine the volatile component of solids from any of the above three tests, the solid residue is dried to constant weight in a high-temperature muffle furnace at 550 °C (Standard Method 2540 F). 

Other inorganic solid electrolytes have also been employed in electrochemical capacitor applications, including hydrogen uranyl phosphate, (H3OUO2PO4) and Zr(HP04)2 xH20 (proton conductors) (65), Li and Na /9-alumina (66), LiNaSO (67). Clearly, these systems will only be satisfactory for relatively slow applications. 

This account of the kinetics of reactions between (inorganic) solids commences with a consideration of the reactant mixture (Sect. 1), since composition, particle sizes, method of mixing and other pretreatments exert important influences on rate characteristics. Some comments on experimental methods are included here. Section 2 is concerned with reaction mechanisms formulated to account for observed behaviour, including references to rate processes which involve diffusion across a barrier layer. This section also includes a consideration of the application of mechanistic criteria to the classification of the kinetic characteristics of solid-solid reactions. Section 3 surveys rate processes identified as the decomposition of a solid catalyzed by a solid. Section 4 reviews other types of solid + solid reactions, which may be conveniently subdivided further into the classes... 

Most forms of carbon, except diamond, which are renowned as supports for precious metal catalysts in certain applications [3], interact strongly with MW [4]. Amorphous carbon and graphite, in their powdered form, irradiated at 2.45 GHz, rapidly (within 1 min) reach very high temperatures (>1300 K). This property has been used to explain MW-assisted syntheses of inorganic solids [5], In these syntheses carbon is either a secondary susceptor which assists the initial heating but does not react with other reactants, or is one of the reactants, e. g. in the synthesis of metal carbides. MW-carbon coupling has also been widely developed ... 

Sublimation differs from ordinary distillation because the vapour condenses to a solid instead of a liquid. Usually, the pressure in the heated system is diminished by pumping, and the vapour is condensed (after travelling a relatively short distance) on to a cold finger or some other cooled surface. This technique, which is applicable to many organic solids, can also be used with inorganic solids such as aluminium chloride, ammonium chloride, arsenious oxide and iodine. In some cases, passage of a stream of inert gas over the heated substance secures adequate vaporisation. 

In addition to the liquid conductors described above, two types of solid-state ionic conductois have been developed one involves inorganic compounds and the other is based on polymeric materials. Several inorganic solids have been found to have excellent conductivity resulting wholly from ionic motion in the crystal lattice. One solid electrolyte, lithium iodide, Lil, has found application in heart-pacer batteries even though it has a fairly low conductivity. 

Pyrometallurgical treatment The use of heat in furnaces or incinerators to volatilize and remove arsenic or other inorganic contaminants from solid wastes. For millennia prior to waste treatment applications, this smelting technology was used to extract and concentrate valuable elements from ore deposits. 

The simple theoretical description of the adsorption from solutions on solids can be useful for characterizing sorption properties of inorganic sorbents. Such properties as the energetical and structural heterogeneities, surface phase capacity, specific surface area, pore size distribution curves and others are very important with regard to wide application of inorganic adsorbents on laboratory and industrial scales. 

The book is divided into three sections consisting of chapters arranged in a consistent order, though some chapters could be put in the second or third section. On the other hand, a uniform treatment and style cannot be anticipated in the book that represents the efforts of many authors. Despite this, the presented works provide the comprehensive, high standard and modern study on the structure, investigations, preparation of inorganic sorbents, their numerous applications and deal with the adsorption on new and chemically modified inorganic solids. 

---