Liquid ion conductors

Chemists prefer to use the term electrolyte for the salt itself, in contrast to the above definition of the term. According to their use, the liquid ion-conductor is called an electrolyte solution. 

Seino Y, Ota T, Takada K, Hayashi A, Tatsumisago M (2014) A sulphide lithium supcaion conductor is superior to liquid ion conductors for use in rechargeable batteries. Energy... 

The broken vertical line denotes an area of contact between any two ionic conductors, particularly between liquid ionic conductors (electrolyte-electrolyte interface or liquid junction). Ions can transfer between phases by diffusion across such a boundary hence, circuits containing such an interface are often called circuits or cells with transference. 

For the sake of discussion, we have divided the separators into six types—microporous films, non-wovens, ion exchange membranes, supported liquid membranes, solid polymer electrolytes, and solid ion conductors. A brief description of each type of separator and their application in batteries are discussed below. 

The potentiometric determination of bromide anions with ion-selective electrodes is possible with commercial electrodes that are commonly based on solid Ag2S—AgBr ion conductor membranes [148-150]. Recently, a novel liquid film sensor has been proposed by Ganjali etal. [151] Determination of bromide was reliable without significant interference from common ions such as chloride and iodide, and was reported down to a micromolar level. The electroactive species in the liquid membrane... 

Currently interest has now been directed toward a similar high temperature system, the ZEBRA Battery, which also uses P-alumina as a Na ion conductor. The sulfur electrode is replaced by nickel chloride or by a mixture of ferrous and nickel chlorides. Contact between the NiCl2 electrode and the solid electrolyte is poor as they are both solids, and current flow is improved by adding a second liquid electrolyte (molten NaAlCb) between this electrode and the P-alumina. The overall cell reaction is now ... 

A second approach to semiconductor stabilization is the utilization of an electrolyte in which semiconductor photodecomposition products cannot form. Thus, in the case of n-Si, Lewis has noted that employment of a rigorously anhydrous nonaqueous electrolyte eliminates the possibility of interfacial oxide formation [18]. However, the fact that subnanomolar concentrations of water are sufficient to generate surface oxides makes the application quite difficult. Semiconductors that undergo decomposition to metal ions can likewise be stabilized by using a low-dielectric-constant nonligating electrolyte. Both organic liquids and solid-state ion conductors have been employed for this purpose. Unfortunately, such electrolytes are at best high resistance, and thus observable photocurrents are minimal. However, a hybrid approach in which a nonaqueous... 

Plasma electrochemistry — Gas plasmas possess mixed electronic and ionic conductivities. This allows their use as ion conductors in electrochemical cells, i.e., interfaced with electronic conductors [i, ii], and, when they are in intimate contact with solid or liquid electrolytes, they can be also used as the electronically conducting... 

Liquid crystalline ionic liquids can be used as low dimensional ion conductors [6, 8, 26-29]. For this purpose the formation of oriented monodomains in the macroscopic scale is important because the boundary in the randomly oriented polydomains disturbs high and anisotropic ion conduction. 

Keywords Liquid crystal Liquid-crystalline polymer Side-chain polymer Ion-conductor Semiconductor... 

Liquid-crystalline nanostructures formed by polymeric materials have great potential to be applied for ion- and electron-conducting materials because efficient and low-dimensional conduction can be achieved in nano-segregated LC phases. Recent progress in supramolecular chemistry and nanotechnology enables the design of new materials for ion conductors. Nematic LC poly-... 

Thermotropic liquid crystals and also lyotropic liquid crystals generate functional molecular assemblies. lyotropic liquid crystalline phases are exhibited by amphiphilic molecules in appropriate solvents. They form nano-segregated structures because the molecular structures consist of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. In Chapter 6, Gin and co-workers describe how lyotropic liquid crystals may be used to form functional materials. Lyotropic liquid crystals can act as templates for inorganic materials, ion conductors, catalysts, drug delivery systems, and nanofilters. 

The use of anion-centred polyhedra can be particularly useful in describing diffusion in fast ion conductors. These materials, which are solids that have an ionic conductivity approaching that of liquids, find use in batteries and sensors. An example is the high temperature form of silver iodide, a-Agl. In this material, the iodide anions form a body-centred cubic array, (Figure 7.20a). 

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