Applications of fibers

Fig. 16. Applications of fiber-optic communication systems as a function of length between repeater stations and system bandwidth. AppHcations to the...

Fiber-containing cement was initially developed as a high-strength material that could be used to line a borehole [1789]. Several relatively simple and cheap spin-off applications of fiber cement were identified, such as the use of fiber cement in cement plugs for borehole stabilization and as a lost circulation material. Several companies are already applying or offering fiber cement for these purposes in the field, in both organic fibers and metal fibers [372,1077, 1682-1684]. 

W. S. Kisaalitas, P. J. Slininger, R. J. Bothast, J. F. McCarthy, and R. L. Magin, Application of fiber-optic fluorescence measurements to on-line pH monitoring of a pseudomonad fermentation... 

G.M. Hamminga, G. Mul and J.A. Moulijn, Applicability of fiber-optic-based Raman probes for on-line reaction monitoring of high-pressure catalytic hydrogenation reactions, Appl. Spectrosc., 61, 470 78 (2007). 

At the end of the fiber manufacturing processes, a size is normally applied to the carbon fibers for use as reinforcement of PMCs. Sizing of carbon fiber involves application of an organic film to protect the fiber during fabrication into structural parts and components. The amount of sizing varies between 0.5-1.5 wt% of the fiber depending on the type and application of fibers. Sizes are intended ... 

Optical fibers are now used extensively to bring the analyzing light to and from the sample for optical spectrometers. What was not known about optical fibers in early implementations was the problems they can bring to spectroscopy. In early applications of fiber optics, they were found to have limited lifetime, cause signal drift and attenuation, and cause process contamination.4 Fiber optics were developed for the on/off application... 

Applications of fiber-optic pH sensors in environmental analysis, biomedical research, medical monitoring, and industrial process control have been reviewed by Lin [67]. A multitude of luminescent systems for pH monitoring are commercially available, mostly under special trademarks. Pyrene [68-70], coumarin, bromothymol blue [71] and fluorescein [72-74] derivatives are typical examples that have been used in research in the past two decades. Carboxyfluorescein derivatives have been directly applied to skin tissue samples for the lifetime imaging of pH gradients in the extracellular matrix of the epidermis [75]. Two-photon excitation microscopy became an estab-... 

Today fiber-optic transmission systems offer several advantages over conventional copper wire and coaxial cable systems. Among these are increased bandwidth, smaller size, lower weight, lack of crosstalk, and a very low susceptibility to electromagnetic interference. It is to be expected that these advantages will open widespread application of fiber-optic transmission systems in the future. This seems to be supported by the fact that a great number of public and in-house trial systems are under test all over the world. 

The renewable energy processes will be monitored and controlled by small, fast, and economical detectors, and fiber optics will play a major role in their designs. The operation and applications of fiber-optic probes have already been discussed in connection with Figure 3.2, so only a brief summary is provided here. Fiber-optic probes can be installed in situ, whereas their readout instruments can be several hundred meters from the probe. The probe can be located in toxic, corrosive, radioactive, explosive, high- or low-temperature/ pressure, and noisy environments. Because the measurement signal is optical, the cables are immune to microwave or electromagnetic interference. 

Major applications of fibers lie in apparel, home furnishing, and industrial products. In each of these, manufactured fibers have made large inroads, and currently their usage dominates. As an illustration, consider the changes that have taken place in the use of the materials required in the manufacture of tire cords. Originally made from cotton, rayon took a... 

Applications of Fiber Gratings in Chemical and Bio-chemical Sensing... 

Fiber characteristics that should be taken into account for making filters include temperature capability, corrosion resistance (withstand adds, alkalies, solvents, etc.), hydrolysis (humidity levels), dimensional stability, and cost. Among important medical application of fibers, we should mention sutures and filters. Sutures are used to close the wound during surgical operations. Fibers used as sutures can be absorbable or nonabsorbable. The main requirements are that the suture must have only a minimal amount of reaction with the tissue and, in the case of absorption, there must be minimal chemical irritation (Lyman,... 

Hayashi, Y et al. (1992) Technique of Application of Fiber Materials to Exterior Ceramic Wall Tiling. Durability of building Materials and Components 6, Japan, Vol. 1, E FN Spon, PP13-22. 

The intention of the author of this chapter was to provide an introductory knowledge base on the application of fiber optics in chemical and biosensors. The field of fiber-optic sensors is progressing very rapidly, with significant new research being continuously reported for various sensors applications. 

This chapter is dedicated to the application of fiber gratings for the development of chemical and biochemical sensors on the basis of their sensitivity to SRI changes. 

Section 2 introduces the basic idea, the properties, and sensitivities of regular, tilted FBGs and LPGs, as well as the fabrication, multiplexing, and interrogation techniques. Section 3 is devoted to the proposed applications of fiber gratings in the development of chemical and biochemical sensors. 

This overview of the applications of fiber gratings in chemical and biochemical sensing has outlined the variety of sensing schemes and implementations based as a whole on their specific refractometric and transmission responses. 

S. M. Angel, T. F. Cooney, H. T. Skinner. Applications of fiber optics in NIR Raman spectroscopy, in Modern Techniques in Raman Spectroscopy, J. J. Laserna (Ed.), Wiley, Chichester, 1996. 

Based on experiments, it can be concluded that application of fibers with a relative length of l/d = 100 is inefficient, especially at p > 2%, because of the drastic reduction of the RubCon mixture workability and increased power inputs in the mixture preparation process. 

So far in this book, the binding mechanism V interlocking bonds (Tab. 3.1, Chapter 3) has been mentioned in connection with the sometimes heat-induced plastic deformation during press agglomeration (Section 6.6.2) and the application of fibers for the reinforcement of agglomerates (Section 8.2) and for assisting disintegration of... 

Herbert, P.M., Gauthier, T.A., Briens, C.L., and Bergougnou, M.A., "Application of Fiber Optic Reflection Probes to the Measurement of Local Particle Velocity and Concentration in Gas—Solid Flow", Powder Tech., 80, 243 (1994). 

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