Applications. Nitric peroxide

Gases. Applications. Nitric peroxide. As an application of this equation, let us take the equilibrium, previously considered, in nitric peroxide, according to the symbol... 

Detection.—Apart from naturally occurring ores of vanadium, vanadium steels, and ferrovanadium, the commonest compounds of vanadium are those which contain the element in the pentavalent state, viz. the pentoxide and the various vanadates. The analytical reactions usually employed are, therefore, those which apply to vanadates. Most vanadium ores can be prepared for the application of these reactions by digesting with mineral acids or by alkaline fusion with the addition of an oxidising agent. When the silica content is high, preliminary treatment with hydrofluoric acid is recommended. Vanadium steels and bronzes, and ferrovanadium, are decomposed by the methods used for other steels the drillings are, for instance, dissolved in sulphuric acid and any insoluble carbides then taken up in nitric acid, or they are filtered off and submitted to an alkaline fusion. Compounds of lower valency are readily converted into vanadates by oxidation with bromine water, sodium peroxide, or potassium permanganate. 

Chemat et al. [14] found the ]oint use of US and microwaves for the treatment of edible oils for the determination of copper to shorten the time taken by this step to about a half that was required in the classical procedure (heating in a Buchi digester) or with microwave assistance, nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide. However, they did not state the specific medium where the microwave-US-assisted method was implemented and assumed US to have mechanical effects only, even though they mentioned a cavitational effect. This is a very common mistake in working with US that is clarified in an extensive discussion by Chanon and Luche [15] of the division of sonochemistry applications into reactions which were the result of true and false effects. Essentially, these terms refer to real chemical effects induced by cavitation and those effects that can be ascribed to the mechanical impact of bubble collapse. The presence of one of these phenomena only has not been demonstrated in the work of Chemat et al. [14] — despite the illustrative figure in their article — so their ascribing the results to purely mechanical effects of US was unwarranted. 

The recovery of iodine from waste liquids.—E. Beilsteini2 recovered iodine from laboratory residues by evaporation to dryness with an excess of sodium carbonate and calcination until the organic matter is all oxidized. The mass is dissolved in sulphuric acid and treated with the nitrous fumes, obtained by treating starch with nitric acid, until all the iodine is precipitated. The iodine is washed in cold water, dried over sulphuric acid, and sublimed. Other oxidizing agents less unpleasant than the nitrous fumes employed by F. Beil stein—e.g. hydrogen peroxide—-were recommended by G. Torossian for the residues obtained in copper titrations. F. Beilstein s process is applicable to soluble but not to insoluble, oxidized forms of ioffine. F. D. Chattaway... 

Sulphurj in the unoxidized condition, is tested for by heating the compound with metallic sodium or with sodium carbonate, by which treatment the sulphur is converted into sodium sulphide. If the fused product is placed on a silver coin and moistened, a spot of siVoer sulphide will be produced. The fused mass may also be dissolved in water, neutralized with nitric acid, and a little lead acetate solution added. The formation of a black precipitate of lead sulphide proves the presence of sulphur. These tests are applicable only in case the sulphur is in an unoxidized form. To test for sulphur in either the oxidized or unoxidized form a little of the compound is boiled with strong nitric acid or is heated with sodium peroxide. This treatment converts the sulphur into the form of sulphuric acid or a sulphate, either of which will yield a white precipitate of barium sulphate when tested with barium nitrate in the presence of nitric acid. 

In one of the most elegant applications of gas-phase inhibition by nitric oxide, Birss, Danby and Hinshelwood have studied the thermal dissociation of r-butyl peroxide. The low temperatures required for pyrolysis permitted mass spectro-metric determination of t-butyl nitrite, and a fairly complete kinetic analysis of the system was possible. The rate of decomposition of peroxide was related to the consumption of nitric oxide and to the appearance of butyl nitrite during the inhibition period, and curves were obtained which showed the acetone and ethane concentrations as a function of time during and after inhibition. 

Many chemical etchants are mixtures of acids with a solvent such as water. Acids oxidize atoms of a specimen surface and change them to cations. Electrons released from atoms of specimen surfaces are combined with hydrogen to form hydrogen gas. For more noble materials, etchants must contain oxidizers (such as nitric acid, chromic acid, iron chloride and peroxides). Oxidizers release oxygen, which accepts electrons from atoms of the specimen surface. Table 3.1 lists some commonly used etchants, their compositions and applications. 

The oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and sulfones is achieved in a selective manner using MW irradiation under solvent-free conditions with desired selectivity to either sulfoxides or sulfones over sodium periodate (NaIO4) on silica (20%) (Scheme 8) A noteworthy feature of the protocol is its applicability to long chain fatty sulfides that are insoluble in most solvents and are consequently difficult to oxidize. Further, it circumvents the use of oxidants such as nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, chromic acid, and peracids, which are conventionally used for the oxidation of sulfides to the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones. 

In summary, liquid explosive mixtures include the ahphatic nitro compounds, nitric acid and nitrate series, the perchloric acid hydrazine series, the hydrogen peroxide series and the N2O4 series. Besides, two-component hquid explosives and emulsion liquid explosives were also reported. Consequently, the rapid development on liquid explosive mixtures has led to many different explosive types that found broad applications in various areas. For instance, hquid explosives can be used as ordinary chemical raw materials, employed in mining and underwater blasting operations, or serve as temporary filhngs for firearms. Naturally, they are deemed as emergency explosives suitable for both civihan and mihtary applications. In this chapter, we will thoroughly discuss the properties and preparative methods of hquid explosive mixtures. 

For wet oxidation of biological material reagents such as nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide, perchloric acid, or potassium persulfate have been successfully used and possess certain experimental advantages. In general, methods of wet oxidation can be performed directly in the counting vial and do not require any expensive or special equipment. For highly colored specimen (liver tissue, blood, plant leaves)and for those tissue resistant to liquid solubilizers the wet oxidation technique is widely applicable and reliable. 

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