Applications Chinese research

Thermodynamic stabilities of ylides are known to be measured by the ease of carbanion formation through the removal of a proton from their precursors. A Chinese research group has now performed the calculations on about 80 experimentally-characterized N-, P-, and S-ylide precursors and developed an extensive scale of ylide thermodynamic stability that may find applications in synthetic organic chemistry. This theoretical protocol can reliably predict the pXa values of diverse structurally unrelated ylide precursors in DMSO with an error bar of ca. 1.6-1.9 pXa units. ... 

In a summary of Chinese research since 1972, involving hundreds of scientists and technicians from more than 60 units , Zhang et al. (1988) have reported that more than 20 crops and trees respond to REE applications and it is currently thought that one the major reasons for the improved yields and product quality is that photosynthetic rates are improved following increased chlorophyll contents. 

Fleming, S.J. and Swann C.P. (1992). Recent applications of PIXE spectrometry in archaeology 2. Characterization of Chinese pottery exported to the Islamic world. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 64 528-537. 

Although chemistry has been important for millennia in its practical application to the needs and luxuries of human life, the discipline has not always been called chemistry. It has existed in very different forms, and in very different relations to neighboring sciences and crafts, in a flux that only accelerated as the years passed. The goals and concepts of a Chinese or Arabic alchemist of antiquity or the Middle Ages differed greatly from those of a chemist of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, just as the aims and ideas of nineteenth-century research chemists were different from those of their predecessors and successors. 

In a related paper Herrador and Gonzalez [144] described the application of PCA and CA and of two supervised techniques, LDA and back-propagated ANN on Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn data obtained from commercial Spanish tea samples. A minitorch ICP-AES instrument was used for the determinations. The characterization of three classes of tea was achieved. In a paper that expands previous research described in reference [47], trace metal concentrations measured by ICP-AES and ICP-MS were employed by Moreda-Pineiro et al. [145] for a more elaborated chemometric treatment on 85 samples of tea of Asian, African, commercial, and unknown origin. Seventeen elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Cs, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn) were determined. In addition to the techniques employed in the already mentioned papers (PCA, CA, LDA), soft independent modeling (SIM) of class analogy was also applied. The latter method resulted in the totally correct (100 percent) classification of Chinese teas. 

Figure 3.6 Structures of (a) [DyL3(H20)3] and (b) [TbL lHiOja] (HL = pivalic acid and HE = 2, 6-dihydoxybenzoic acid) [RE, black O, grey C, white H, omitted]. (Redrawn from the CIF files of M.L. Huang et al, Study on the synthesis and the structures of rare earth complexes with 4-aminobenzoic acid, Huaxue Yanjiu Yu Yingyong (Chinese) (Chemical Research Applications), 18, 245-251, 2006 [30] and T. Glowiak et al., Crystal structure of the isomorphous complexes tetraaquabis(2,6-dihydroxy-benzoato-0)(2,6-dihydroxy-benzoato-0, O)terbium(III) and hohnium(III)dihydrate, Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 48 (4), 477-486, 1999 [43].)...

Huang, M.-L., Liang, F.-P,andYu, K.-B. (2006) Study on the synthesis and the structures of rare earth complexes with 4-aminobenzoic acid. Huaxue Yanjiu Yu Yingyong (Chinese (Chemical. Research Applications), 18, 245-251. 

Kersten B, Zhang J, Brendler-Schwaab SY, Kasper P, and Mouller L (1999) The application of the micronucleus test in Chinese hamster V79 cells to detect drug-induced photogenotoxicity. Mutation Research 445 55-71. 

X. Guo, Z. Cai, CN (Chinese patent application) 85/105080 (Zhejiang Chemical Industry Research Institute) 1985. 

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