Application and Perspectives

When fullerenes were first discovered, nobody thought of real commercial applications of the new material-the structure simply seemed too exotic to become available in macroscopic amounts. However, as the methods of producing have continually been improved to the present day, the price per gram has been reduced to about 100 (highly purified lab quahty), so in fact it is obtainable for various applications. Some of these shall be explained in short. 

On one hand, Cgo and its derivatives are considered promising materials for biological uses. The farthest progress has been made in experiments on its employment as sensitizer for the photochemical generation of singlet oxygen. The latter shall serve to the directed degradation of DNA or to the destruction of tumor tissue (photodynamic therapy). On the other hand, it is the electronic properties of the 

Cso(OH)j, proved most efficient in this regard, yet the polymer composites discussed in Section 2.5.5.6 are very promising as well. They exhibit the same properties as derivatives not bound in a polymer, but might be employed in the production of practicable formulations, most of all when the fullerenes are linked to a biopolymer. 

Summing up, a wide repertoire of possible appUcations has been developed for the fullerenes, and most of aU for C . But despite a massive decrease of prices for fullerene soot, the cost for the starting material still is the biggest impediment to a profitable use of the outstanding properties. Real commercial appUcations will only come into reach when can be produced at prices significantly below the current level. 

Altogether the fuUerenes represent an entirely new modification of carbon that stands out for a unique stmcture and remarkable physical and chemical properties. 

The obvious physical advantages of using nanomaterials to create devices relate to 

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See van Gunsteren, W.F. Berendsen, H.J.C. Computer simulation of molecular dynamics-methodology, applications, and perspectives in chemistry Angewandre Chemie, International Edition in English, 29 992-1023, 1990, and Karplus, M. Petsko, G.A. Molecular dynamics simulations in biology Nature 347 631-639, 1990. 

C. M. Starks, C. L. Liotta, and M. Halpem, Phase Thmffer Catalysis Fundamentals, Applications and Perspectives, Chapnhin and Hall, New kbik, 1994. 

Giomo, L. and Drioli, E. (2000) Biocatalytic membrane reactors applications and perspectives. Trends in Biotechnology, 18, 339-349. 

Graiver, D. Fearon, G. Polysiloxanes Direction of Applications and Perspectives. In Silicon-Containing Polymers. The Science and Technology of Their Synthesis and Applications-, Jones, R. G., Ando, W., Chojnowski, J., Eds. Kluwer Dordrecht, 2000 pp 233-243. 

Fotinos N, Campo MA, Popowycz F, Gurny R, Lange N (2006) 5-Aminolevulinic acid derivatives in photomedicine characteristics, application and perspectives. Photochemistry and Photobiology 82 994-1015. 

Ciutti F, Flaim G (2006) In Ziglio G, Siligardi G, Flaim G (eds) Biological monitoring of rivers applications and perspectives. Wiley, New York, p 263... 

Tholey, A. and Fleinzle, E., Ionic (liquids) matrices for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry - applications and perspectives. Anal Bioanal. Chem., 386, 24-37, 2006. 

Van Gunsteren WF Berendsen HJC. Computer simulation of molecular dynamics methodology, application and perspectives in chemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Eng. 1990 29 992-996. 

Zahir, Z.A., Arshad, M., Frankenberger, Jr., W.T. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria applications and perspectives in agriculture. Adv Agron 2004 81 97-168. 

Extractive Separations in Contactors with One and Two Immobilized L/L Interfaces Applications and Perspectives... 

Niemeyer, C.M. (2004) Nanobiotechnology Concepts, Applications and Perspectives (eds C.M. Niemeyer and C.A. Mirkin), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim,... 

Vollenweider, S. and Lacroix, C. 2004. 3-Hydroxypropionaldehyde Applications and Perspectives of Biotechnological Production. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 64, 16-27. 

M.-C. Mormont and F. Levi Cancer chronotherapy principles, applications and perspectives. Cancer 2003,97 155-169. 

Mormont, M.C., Levi, F. Cancer chronotherapy principles, applications, and perspectives. Cancer 2003, 97 155-169. Goldbeter, A., Claude, D. Time-patterned drug administration Insights from a modeling approach. Chronobiol. Int. 2002, 19 157-175. 

C. The Recursion Method for the Localized and Extended Impurity Problem Applications and Perspectives... 

Computer Simulation of Molecular Dynamics Methodology, Applications, and Perspectives in Chemistry. 

Clinical application and perspectives on the CPTs have been discussed in several excellent reviews (43-45). New CPT... 

Rios GM, Belleville MP, Paolucci D, and Sanchez J. Progress in enzymatic membrane reactors. J. Membr. Sci. 2004 242 189-196. Giomo L and Drioli E. Biocatalytic membrane reactors applications and perspectives. Tibtech 2000 18 339-349. 

A. Marston and K. Hostettmann, Countercurrent chromatography as a preparative tool —Applications and perspectives,/. Chromatogr. 658 315-341 (1994). 

Yang, F.Q. Ito, Y. Preparative separation of lappaconitine, ranaconitine, A-deacetyllappaconitine and A-deacetyhana-conitine from crude alkaloids of sample Aconitum sino-montanum Nakai by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 943 (2), 219-225. Marston, A. Hostettmann, K. Countercurrent chromatography as a preparative tool applications and perspectives. J. Chromatogr. A 1994, 658 (2), 315 - 341. 

Marston, A. Hostettmann, K. Counter-current chromatography as a preparative tool—Applications and perspectives. J. Chromatogr., A 1994, 658, 315-341. 

V.M. Ivanov, O.V. Kuznetsova, Chemical colorimetry possibilities of the method, fields of application and perspectives. Chemistry successes , 33301, No 5, 429 (in Russian). 

Supported Liquid Membranes AND Their Modifications Definition, Classification, Theory, Stability, Application AND Perspectives ... 

Fundamentals, Applications, and Perspectives of Solid-State Electrochemistry A Synopsis... 

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