Application tier

Application Tier. In a multi-tier architecture, the collection of programs that run on the chemist s client or workstation machine. It is the tier of programs "closest" to the chemist in the architecture. Typically this may be a Web client program or other program with a GUI that allows the chemist to interact with the architecture. 

Middle Tier. Large-scale database applications often consist of three "tiers" of programs (1 )the application tier, which interacts... 

The application tier is recommended 1 kg rubber per 1000 kg of free water. The total water added is a combination of water and the amount of water in wet-processed meat [17,84]. 

Some PCs qualify for a second standard of 15 percent of the rating of the power supply, usually at least 3Q W. For monitors, an initial low-power mode of 15 W is also required. (2) "NA" means hot applicable," which means that no requirement exists. (3) Additional Tier 2 requirement for copiers includes a required recovery time of 30 seconds for midspeed copiers (recommended for high speed copiers). 

The application of NMR spectroscopy to tacticity determination of synthetic polymers was pioneered by Bovey and Tiers.9 NMR spectroscopy is the most used method and often the only technique available for directly assessing tacticity of polymer chains. "2 7 8 0JI The chemical shift of a given nucleus in or attached to the chain may be sensitive to the configuration of centers three or more monomer units removed. Other forms of spectroscopy (e.g. TR spectroscopy l2 lJ) are useful with some polymers and various physical properties (e.g. the Kerr effect14) may also be correlated with tacticity. 

Tan, K. C. D., Goh, N. K., Chia, L. S., Treagust, D. F. (2002). Development and application of a two-tier multiple choice diagnostic instrument to assess high school students understanding of inorganic chemistry qualitative analysis. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 39(4), 283-301. 

In practice, it is useful to distinguish the application architecture—how the business logic is split across components and how they interact—from the technical architecture all the infrastructure and other domain-independent pieces that support that collaboration. The four-tier Web-enabled architecture presents a typical case for making this distinction. 

In our view, architecture is not only about Gothic-scale structures but is also about all structures and relationships used down to the level of code.1 The decision to use a four-tier structure, with a thin client, a Web server, a business application server, and a database, is architectural. But, in the extreme, we consider a consistent use of getXQ and setX(x) methods also to be part of the (detailed) architecture. This view leads to a somewhat less formal definition of architecture. 

Use a three-tier client-server architecture. All business logic must be in the middle tier, presentation and dialog on the client, and data services on the server. In this way you can scale the application server processing independently of persistent storage. 

Whatever the specific need or application, the use of a tier testing scheme can significantly reduce, and in some cases eliminate, the use of animals. An example of a decision-making tree and its applications in ocular testing is provided in Figure 17.3. First, all available data about a test material (or related compounds), including chemical characteristics, historical data, other known toxicity, and the like, are collected. Analysis of these data could provide a strong indication of irritation potential, in which case the material would be labeled a presumed positive and... 

Gad, S.C. (1992). Industrial application for in vitro toxicity testing methods A tier testing strategy for product safety assessment. In In Vitro Toxicity Testing (Frazier, J., Ed.). Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 253-279. 

In June 1993, the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) introduced tier/triage management initiatives to improve the efficiency of its administrative and scientific review of premarket applications. One key item in this plan was introduction of a tier/triage process for 510(k) applications. This proposal was designed to allow levels of 510(k) reviews adjusted according to the device risk. Three review levels were proposed as follows ... 

Tier 3 is the evaluation of bone marrow after in vivo exposure to determine in vivo applicability of the in vitro results (tiers 1 and 2) and predict clinical target- and chemistry-related toxidties. Historically, the bone marrow toxicity potential of compounds was evaluated by microscopic assessment of rat bone marrow cellularity from decalcified sternum bone slides, hematology and in some cases bone marrow differentials [55] only when a compound reached development. 

Another characteristic example of analytical strategy is that followed in the United Kingdom for the analysis of tranquilizers and -blockers (78). A total of 180 samples distributed over a whole year (15 samples per month) should be analyzed within a turnaround time of 28 days from receipt of sample. In that case, the expense of developing a two-tier analytical strategy was not justified by the sample throughput. Thus, the selection was direct application of a multiresidue LC/PDA confirmatory method (80). 

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