Apparent electrical conductivity

Figure 7 is the achievement diagram of electric transmission detection on water-bearing feature of strata near to segment below the floor of Coal Face 1031 by a certain depth. As is shown in the diagram, values of apparent electric conductivities of strata in the segment are changing within 0.16-... 

Figure 7. Plane figure of apparent electric conductivity by electric transmission tomography in the coal seam floor of coal face 1031.

Figure 12.10 Dependence of the apparent electrical conductivity, on Br/C. (Reprinted from ref. 157 with kind permission from Elsevier Science Ltd, Kidlington, UK.)...

Electrical conductivity (or its mathematical inverse, resistivity) of a soil solution is strongly correlated with total salt content. Therefore, laboratory methods involving solution or saturated paste conductivity are often used to assess soil salinity. Electrical conductivity measurements of bulk soil (designated as ECa for apparent electrical conductivity) were also first used to assess salinity. Resistivity and conductivity measurements are also useful for estimating other soil properties, as reviewed by and. Factors that influence ECa include soil salinity, clay content and cation exchange capacity (CEC), clay mineralogy, soil pore size and distribution, soil moisture content, and temperature. ° For saline soils, most of the variation in ECa can be related to salt concentration. In non-saline soils, conductivity variations are primarily a function of soil texture, moisture content, bulk density, and CEC. The theoretical basis for the relationship between ECa and soil physical properties has been described by a model where ECa was a function of soil water content (both the mobile and immobile fractions), the electrical conductivity of the soil water, soil bulk density, and the electrical conductivity of the soil solid phase.Later, this model was used to predict the expected correlation structure between ECa data and multiple soil properties. ... 

One potential approach for improved accuracy is sensor fusion, whereby readings from multiple, functionally different sensors are combined to estimate the soil properties of interest. For example, a commercial mobile sensor platform (Fig. 2.6) combined the soil pH sensing system described in reference (155) with soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) sensing. As ECa provides a strong indication of soil texture variations, the combination of the pH and ECa data was useful for establishing lime requirements. An NIR reflectance sensor was later added to this multi-sensor platform. ... 

Sudduth KA, Kitchen NR, Myers DB et al (2010) Mapping depth to argillic soil horizons using apparent electrical conductivity. J Environ Eng Geophysics 15 135-146... 

McBride RA, Gordon AM, Shrive SC (1990) Estimating forest soil quality from temain measurements of apparent electrical conductivity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 54 290-293... 

Sudduth KA, Kitchen NR, Wiebold WJ et al (2005) Relating apparent electrical conductivity to soil properties across the north-central USA. Comp Electron Agric 46 263-283... 

Electrical conductivity in metals apparently depends upon the smooth and uninterrupted movement of electrons through the lattice. This is suggested by the feet that small amounts of impurities reduce the conductivity very much. We shall see, in Chapter 22, that copper is purified commercially to 99.999% and the reason is directly connected to the consequent gain in electrical conductivity. 

Van Paassen [57] describes the CMC of some polyether carboxylates with different fatty chains and EO degrees (Fig. 2). In an extensive study, Binana-Limbele et al. [59] investigated the micellar properties of the alkylpolyether carboxylates of the general formula CnH + OCF CH OCI COONa with n = 8, x = 5, and n = 12 and x = 5,1, and 9, by means of electrical conductivity (CMC, apparent micellar ionization degree) and time-resolved fluorescence probing (micelle aggregation number A7) as a function of temperature and surfactant concentration (Table 1). 

Most conducting polymers, such as doped poly(acetylene), poly(p-pheny-lene), and poly(/ -phenylene sulfide), are not stable in air. Their electrical conductivity degrades rapidly, apparently due to reaction with oxygen and/or water. Poly(pyrrole) by contrast appears to be stable in the doped conductive state. 

When electrical conductivity is used to investigate the compressibility of boride powders at a pressure of 0.19-1.7 X 10 N m , the variation of the specific electrical conductivity x with the relative density 0 (apparent density of the blank/density of the bulk material) is ... 

Thus the SEV can reproduce apparently anomalous phenomena in electrical conductance such as the Chemla effect, a maximum of electrolytic conductivity of some salts containing LL as a function of pressure, an expected maximum in electrolytic conductivity as a func-... 

Evidence from electrical conductivity experiments (Wilson Kent, 1968) indicates that, even after hardening is apparently complete, the reaction continues for at least 7 weeks indeed it is known from the work of Paffenbarger, Schoonover Souder (1938) that the cement continues to strengthen for at least a year. 

I) The electrical (apparently ionic) conductance of the glass as a function of (a) chemical composition alkali metal ions increase the conductance to... 

Preliminary measurements of electrical conductivity of the conjugated derivatives of PBTAB, PBTB and PTTB obtained by the above treatment with bromine vapor are poor semiconductors with a conductivity of the order 10 °S/cm which apparently is not due to doping. Subsequent electrochemical or chemical doping of these polymers lead to 4-6 orders of magnitude increase in conductivity. Ongoing studies of the electrical properties of these conjugated polymers with alternating aromatic/quinonoid units will be reported elsewhere. 

The atomic structure of a heterogeneous catalyst determines its chemical and phase properties, but texture determines a wide range of additional features that dictate such characteristics as adsorption and capillarity, permeability, mechanical strength, heat and electrical conductivity, etc. For example, the apparent catalytic activity,. of a grain, taking into account diffusion of reagents, depends on the interrelation between the rates of reaction and diffusion, and the latter is determined by a porous structure. 

The sensor head is lowered into a monitoring well. Upon contact with any fluid, the float ball is raised and a continuous tone emitted from an audible alarm. When the sensor head contacts the interface between LNAPL and groundwater, the change in conductive properties is detected by the electrical conductivity sensor and a beeping tone is emitted. The distances along the tape at which the two changes in the audible alarm occur are recorded as referenced from a presurveyed point on the lip of the monitoring well. The resultant distance is equivalent to the apparent thickness of the LNAPL in the well. 

When a solute particle is introduced into a liquid, it interacts with the solvent particles in its environment. The totality of these interactions is called the solvation of the solute in the particular solvent. When the solvent happens to be water, the term used is hydration. The solvation process has certain consequences pertaining to the energy, the volume, the fluidity, the electrical conductivity, and the spectroscopic properties of the solute-solvent system. The apparent molar properties of the solute ascribe to the solute itself the entire change in the properties of the system that occur when 1 mol of solute is added to an infinite amount of solution of specified composition. The solvent is treated in the calculation of the apparent molar quantities of the solute as if it had the properties of the pure solvent, present at its nominal amount in the solution. The magnirndes of quantities, such as the apparent molar volume or heat content, do convey some information on the system. However, it must be realized that both the solute and the solvent are affected by the solvation process, and more useful information is gained when the changes occurring in both are taken into account. 

In the system Mo,Fe3 x04, there is a regular variation with x, from Fe304 to MoFe204, in the lattice parameter (ao), the magnetization (Ms), the Curie temperature (Tc) and the electrical conductivity (a, AH ) apparently substitution of Fe by Mo leads to a mixed iron valence on both sites for 0 < x < 1. It is worth noting that AH varies smoothly with x from a AH < kT for x = 0 in the temperature interval 300 < T < 600 K to 0.027 eV for x = 1.0, where the narrow minority-spin band is maximally perturbed and filled by the introduction of substitutional Mo ... 

Electrical Conductance of Aqueous Solutions of Ammonia and Metal Hydroxides. Check the electrical conductance of 1 W solutions of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and ammonia. Record the ammeter readings. Arrange the studied alkalies in a series according to their activity. Acquaint yourself with the degree of dissociation and the dissociation constants of acids and bases (see Appendix 1, Tables 9 and 10). Why is the term apparent degree of dissociation used to characterize the dissociation of strong electrolytes ... 

Polyvinyl Chloride. Biswas and Moitra [102] observed substantial increase in conductivity for metal modified PVC (Fig. 29). Table 1 presents the electrical conductivity data of the PVC-DMG-M(II) complexes. Interestingly, conductivities appreciably increase relative to PVC in the order PVC < PVC-DMG-Cu(II) < PVC-DMG-Ni(II) < PVC-DMG-Co(II). The enhancement in the conductivity is readily ascribable to the varying extents of charge transfer between the 3d metal ion centers and the electron-rich heteroatoms in DMG. Apparently, ease of such charge transfer will depend upon the availability of M vacant orbitals which follows the order Co2 + (3d1) > Ni2+(3d8) > Cu2 + (3d9). 

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