Apoptosis autoantigens

Holcik, M., and Korneluk, R. G. (2000). Functional characterization of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) internal ribosome entry site element Role of La autoantigen in XIAP translation. Mol. Cell Biol. 20, 4648-4657. 

Hall, J.C., Casciola-Rosen, L., and Rosen, A., Altered structure of autoantigens during apoptosis,. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am., 30, 455, 2004. 

Many skin disorders are associated with at least one of the characteristics of inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperproliferation, hypodifferentiation, infection, apoptosis, and autoimmune reactions. GTPs are uniquely positioned to antagonize these conditions with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, prodifferentiation, anti-apoptosis, and inhibition of autoantigen properties. Thus, many skin conditions, including autoimmune-induced lupus and psoriasis, wounds created by trauma or infections, damage induced by environmental factors such as UVB, and seborrheic dermatitis (dandruff), could be treated or managed by topical application of GTPs. 

Viruses can induce apoptosis of human keratinocytes. These apoptotic cells can express viral antigens and autoantigens, which are coclustered in specific subsets within surface blebs and then cause challenge to self-tolerance if not cleared and processed properly (R15). Andreassen et al. showed that T cell lines specific for polyomavirus T antigen recognize T antigen complexed with nucleosomes and trigger B cells to produce anti-DNA antibodies (A20). 

Casiano, CA Loma Linda University Loma Linda, CA Autoantigen cleavage during apoptosis and necrosis. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases... 

DEPAP, but not aniline or other 3-(A-phenylamino)- 1,2-propanediol derivatives, induced both apoptosis and necrosis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. In short-term cell cultures, possibly representative of the toxic oil syndrome acute phase, DNA degradation occurred rapidly. Apoptosis preceded membrane damage. In longer-term cultures, cytotoxicity was characterized by necrosis. As the cells die, abnormal forms of autoantigens are released, activating autoreactive lymphocytes, which could ultimately initiate autoimmune disease (Gallardo et al., 1997 Lahoz et al., 1997). 

A well known effect of ultraviolet radiation is the exacerbation of lupus erythematosus (Angotti, 2004). Apoptosis in keratinocytes induced by ultraviolet B radiation appears to play a role in exacerbation, probably by inducing release of fragmented autoantigens (Pablos et al., 1999). In fact, occurrence of enhanced skin lesions after skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation is a diagnostic criterion. 

Apoptosis. Programmed cell death, a physiological process whereby useless and potentially harmful cells are rapidly eliminated without tissue inflammation or damage. Apoptosis plays an important role in embryogenesis and normal tissue homeostasis, but it is also involved in the development of malignancy and autoimmunity. The dysfunction of an apoptotic pathway (e.g. defects in certain pro-and anti-apoptotic molecules), defective clearance of apoptotic cells, and abnonnalities in the mechanisms of clearance, processing, and presentation of autoantigens may play an important role in the development of autoimmune diseases. See also Fas and Fas... 

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