API determination

The required PWL is used to determine the tip speed of the fan. The velocity of the blade tips equals the rpm x dia x tt. The American Petroleum Institute (API) determines PWL through the equation... 

Determine feasibility for related compounds Analyze all related compounds available (process impurities, degradation products, etc.) and perform purposeful degradation on the API. Determine interferences. 

Fig. 17 shows the pH-solubility profile for cocrystal plotted according to Eq. (34) with cocrystal K p values of 1 X 10 and 1 x 10 and acidic ligand pKa = 5. The pH-solubility profile of a cocrystal with one component that is a weak acid is similar to that of a weak acid. At pH < pKa, the cocrystal solubility is at its lowest intrinsic solubility value, given by K pf-. At pH = pKa, the cocrystal solubility is 1.4 times higher, and at pH > pKa, the solubility increases exponentially. Also, increasing the K p value increases the intrinsic solubility of cocrystal as observed in Fig. 17. The K p value is characteristic of the cocrystal of an API with a specific ligand. Therefore, if multiple cocrystals exist for the same API, determination and comparison of the K p and values enables one to select the cocrystal with the desired solubility pH dependence.

Determination of the Average Chord Length. The average chord length ip can be determined even from scattering data that are not calibrated. For this purpose Apis determined from Porod s law in relative units and k is computed by integration of the scattering curve. Finally ip is found from Eq. (8.43). 

H. Mark, G. E. Ritchie, R. W. Roller, E. W. Ciurczak, C. Tso, and S. A. MacDonald, Validation of a Near-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopic Procedure. Part A. Validation Protocols, /. Pharm. Biomed. Anal, 28,251 (2002). G. E. Ritchie, R. W. Roller, E. W. Ciurczak, H. Mark, C. Tso, and S. A. MacDonald, Validation of a Near-Infrared Transmission Spectroscopic Procedure. Part B. Application to Alternate Content Uniformity and Release Assay Methods for Pharmaceutical Solid Dosage Forms, /. Pharm. Biomed. Anal, 29,159 (2002). M. Blanco, M. Bautista, and M. Alcala, API Determination by NIR Spectroscopy across Pharmaceutical Production Process, AAPS PharmSciTech, 9,1130 (2008). A. Peinado, J. Hammond, and A. Scott, Development, Validation and Transfer of a Near Infrared Method to Determine In-Line the End Point of a Fluidised Drying Process for Commercial Production Batches of an Approved Oral Solid Dose Pharmaceutical Product, /. Pharm. Biomed. Anal, 54,13 (2011). 

The constants k- enable the improved representation of binary equilibria and should be carefully determined starting from experimental results. The API Technical Data Book has published the values of constants k j for a number of binary systems. The use of these binary interaction coefficients is necessary for obtaining accurate calculation results for mixtures containing light components such as ... 

The octane number requirement (ONR) of a car is the octane number which causes barely audible, ie, trace knock when driven by a trained rater. The Coordinating Research Council (CRC), a research organi2ation funded joindy by the American Petroleum Institute (API) and the American Automobile Manufacturers Association (AAMA), has defined test procedures for measuring ONR. Each car is driven under a set of light and heavy accelerations until the most sensitive driving mode is determined. Then a series of fuels is mn in the car until trace knock is determined. Each year, CRC members measure ONR of more than 100 cars and pubHsh the results. 

Procedures for determining drilling fluid properties ate available (21,22,166). Tests and test methods ate constantly reviewed by API committees to ensure acceptable accuracy when performed under field conditions as well as in the laboratory. API pubHcations ate tepubUshed as new tests ate added or existing tests ate modified. 

Relative density is usually determined at ambient temperature with speciahzed hydrometers. In the United States these hydrometers commonly are graduated in an arbitraiy scale termed degrees API. This scale relates inversely to relative density s (at 60°F) as follows (see also the abscissa scale of Fig. 27-3) ... 

The vibration characteristics, determined by use of the instrumentation, will serve as the basis for acceptance or rejection of the machine. API standards generally require that the equipment be operated at speed increments of approximately 10% from zero to the maximum continuous speed and run at the maximum continuous speed until bearings, lube-oil temperatures, and shaft vibrations have stabilized. Next, the speed should be increased to trip speed and the equipment run for a minimum of 15 minutes. Finally, the speed should be reduced to the maximum continuous speed and the equipment should be run for four hours. API does not require that the four hours be uninterrupted however, it is generally interpreted that way. The interpretation is one of the many test criteria to be discussed. It would seem that a break in the test at the midpoint is not the same as having it cut short five minutes from the end because the vendor s boiler took an upset that was not related to the compressor test. The ibration during the shop test is normally specified as the API limit of 1.0 mils peak to peak, or the value from Equation 10.1, unfiltcred. whichever is lower. 

Onee APy is established, the height and area of the bed ean be ealeulated from earlier expressions, and then one ean seleet a eylindrieal tank or pressure vessel. Should the objective of the absorption proeess be solvent recovery, then the amount of solvent retained in the bed must be ealeulated in order to determine how mueh steam is needed for stripping purposes. The amount (or weight) of solvent is simply equal to S X W. 

Size should be determined by vendor in lieu of other information use API 618 requirements. 

In order to compare the thermodynamic parameters of different reactions, it is convenient to define a standard state. For solutes in a solution, the standard state is normally unit activity (often simplified to 1 M concentration). Enthalpy, internal energy, and other thermodynamic quantities are often given or determined for standard-state conditions and are then denoted by a superscript degree sign ( ° ), as in API", AE°, and so on. 

Although in many cases an enantiopure drug can be safer than the racemate, the advantages are clear. The final formulation of the drug product could be reduced inhalf, potential side effects could be minimized, and the resulting pharmokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies could clearly determine the efficacy of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) [21]. 

The API Code RP-520 [33a] suggests the following to determine the liquid expansion rate to protect liquid-filled (full) systems or locations where liquid could be trapped in parts of a system or an area could be subject to blockage by process or operational accident. When thermal input from any source can/could cause thermal expansion of the enclosed liquid ... 

C = coefficient determined by the ratio of the specific heats of the gas at standard conditions. This can be obtained from Equation 2 [33a] in 4.3.2.1 of API Recommended Practice 520, Part I, or Figure 7-25. 

Figure 7-38. Curve for determining requirements for emergency venting during fire exposure. Reprinted by permission, The American Petroleum institute, API Std.-2000, 3rd Ed. 1987, Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage Tanks.

FPN No. 1) As a guide in determining when flammable gases are present continuously, for long periods, or under normal conditions, refer to. Recommended Practice for Classification of Locations for Electrical Installations of Petroleum Facilities, API RP 500-1991, Electrical Apparatus for Explosive Gas Atmospheres, Classifications of Hazardous Areas, lEC 79-10 and. Institute of Petroleum Area Classification Code for Petroleum Installations, IP 15. 

When selecting and sizing compressors, care should be taken in determining which standard has been used to rate a compressor under consideration, particularly if the compressor has been produced abroad. All further discussions in this section will utilize only the API Mechanical Equipment Standards standard atmosphere. 

API Filtration. A filter press is used to determine the wall building characteristics of mud. The press consists of a cylindrical mud chamber made of materials resistant to strongly alkaline solutions. A filler paper is placed on the bottom of the chamber just above a suitable support. The filtration area is 7.1 ( 0.1) in.-. Below the support is a drain tube for discharging the filtrate into a graduate cylinder. The entire assembly is supported by a stand so that a 100-psi pressure can be applied to the mud sample in the chamber. At the end of the 30-min filtration time volume of filtrate is reported as API filtration in milliliters. To obtain correlative results, one thickness of the proper 9-cm filter paper, Whatman No. 50, S S No. 5765, or the equivalent, must be used. 

Chemical Analysis. Standard chemical analyses have been developed for determining the concentration of various ions present in the mud [23]. Test for concentration of chloride, hydroxide and calcium ions are required to fill out the API drilling mud report. The tests are based on filtration, i.e., reaction of a known volume of mud filtrate sample with a standard solution of known volume and concentration. The end of chemical reaction is usually indicated by the change of color. The concentration of the ion being tested then can be determined from a knowledge of the chemical reaction taking place [7]. 

Alkalinity and Lime Content. Alkalinity is the ability of a solution or mixture to react with an acid. The phenolphthalein alkalinity refers to the amount of acid required to reduce the pH to 8.3, the phenolphthalein endpoint. The phenolphthalein alkalinity of the mud and mud filtrate is called the and Pp respectively. The P. test includes the effect of only dissolved bases and salts while the P test includes the effect of both dissolved and suspended bases and salts. The methyl orange alkalinity refers to the amount of acid required to reduce the pH to 4.3, the methyl orange endpoint. The methyl orange alkalinity of the mud and mud filtrate is called the and Mp respectively. The API diagnostic tests include the determination of P, Pp and Mp All values are reported in cubic centimeters of 0.02 N (normality = 0.02) sulfuric acid per cubic centimeter of sample. 

Tensile Tests. Tensile properties shall be determined by tests on longitudinal specimens conforming to the requirements of Paragraph 4.4 (see API Specification 5A) and ASTM A370 Mechanical Testing of Steel Products, Supplement II, Steel Tabular Products. 

However, physical properties such as API gravity and distillation are easy to measure. As a result, empirical correlations have been developed by the industry to determine chemical properties from tlicsv physical analyses. 

R , from n-d-M correlation to determine composition, f M R/ from API correlation to determine composition. 

Plot the feed refractive index, API gravity, and aniline point. Determine any shift in the amount of cracked gas oil in the feed. 

There have been at least six different formulas proposed and used to determine the proper and adequate size of rupture disk openings for a specific relieving condition. The earlier studies of Sylvander and Katz [25] led to the development of the ASME and API recommendations. This approach assumes that a fire exists under or around the various vessels in a process. This fire may have... 

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