Apatite ceramics

J. Carpena, B. Donazzon, J.L. Lacout, M. Freche, Process for production of apatite ceramics, especially for biological use, French Patent, FR2772746, W09933766,1999. 

Asada M, Oukami K, Nakamura S, Takahashi K (1988) Microstructure and mechanical properties of non-stoichiometric apatite ceramics and sinterability of raw powder. J Ceram Soc Jap 96 595-598 ASTM (1988). Standard specification for composition of ceramic hydroxylapatite for surgical implants. F1185-88, 415. 

Kokubo T, Kim HM, Kawashita M, Takadama H, Miyazaki T, Uchida M, Nakamura T (2000) Nucleation and growth of apatite an amorphous phases in simulated body fluid. Glass Sci Technol 73 247-254 Kon M, Miyamoto Y, Asaoka K, Ishikawa K, Lee HH (1998) Development of calcium phosphate cement for rapid crystallization to apatite. Dental Mater J 17 223-232 Kondo K, Okuyama M, Ogawa H, Shibata Y, Abe Y (1984) Preparation of high strength apatite ceramics. J Am Ceram Soc 67 222-223... 

Nishiguchi S, Kato H, Fnjita H, Oka M, Kim HM, Kokubo T, Nakamura T (2001) Titanium metals form direct bonding to bone after alkali and heat treatments. Biomaterials 22 2525-2533 Nordstrom EG, Karlsson KH (1990) Slip-cast apatite ceramics. Ceram Bull 69 824-827 Ogiso M (1998) Reassessment of long-term use of dense HA as dental implant case report. J Biomed Mater Res 43 318-320... 

Suwanprateeb J, Tanner KE, Ttrmer S, Bortfield W (1995) Creep in polyethylene and hydroxylapatite reinforced polyethylene composites. J Mater Sci Mater in Med 6 804-807 Tagai H, Aoki H (1980) Preparation of synthetic hydroxylapatite and sintering of apatite ceramics. In Mechanical Properties of Biomaterials. GW Hastings, DF Wilhams (eds) John Wiley and Sorts, New York, p 477-488... 

Calcium phosphate ceramics are ceramics with varying calcium-to-phosphate ratios. Among them, the apatite ceramics, defined by the chemical formula M,o(X04)6Z2, have been studied most. The apatites form a range of solid solutions as a result of ionic substitution at the XO , or Z sites. In general, apatites are nonstoichiometric and contain less than 10 mol of ions, less than 2 mol of Z" ions, and exactly 6 mol of XOJ" ions (Van Raemdonck et al., 1984). The species is typically a bivalent metallic cation, such as Ca, Sr +, Ba ", Pb ", or Cd2+. The XO species is typically one of the following trivalent anions AsO , VO, CrO , or MnO. The monovalent 7r ions are usually F", OH , Br , or Cj (Van Raemdonck et al., 1984). 

CeraPearl. A castable apatite ceramic, for dental application. Its tensile strength (150 MPa) is more than twice that of feldspathic dental porcelain. 

Hobo S. and Takoe I., "Castable Apatite Ceramic as a New Biocompatible Restorative Material, I. Theoretical Consideration," Quint. Inti 2/1985, 135—41 (1985). 

Sax M, Zografou C, Telle R, Kalawrytimos G. Properties of sintered apatite ceramics. 

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) scaffolds demonstrated successful expansion of CD34+ cells, with conjugated fibronectin (FN) resulting in ahigher expansion compared to adsorbed or soluble FN in PET scaffolds (Feng et al. 2006). Additionally, aluminum oxide and apatite ceramics provide support for the proliferation and differentiation of human PB (hPB) cells (Schubert et al. 2004). Polyvinyl formal (PVF) scaffolds demonstrated enhanced mouse bone marrow (BM) cell proliferation (Tun et al. 2002). 

Phospha.tes. Many phosphates cl aim unique material advantages over siUcates that make them worth the higher material costs for certain apphcations. Glass-ceramics containing the calcium orthophosphate apatite, for example, have demonstrated good biocompatibiUty and, in some cases even bioactivity (the abiUty to bond with bone) (25). Recent combinations of fluorapatite with phlogopite mica provide bioactivity as well as machinability and show promise as surgical implants (26). 

Another desirable property for a ceramic color is a high refractive index. For example, valuable pigments are based on spinels [1302-67-6] ( 2jj = 1.8) and on zircon ( 2j = 1.9), but no valuable pigments are based on apatite ( 2j = 1.6), even though the lattice of apatite is as versatile for making ionic substitutions as that of spinel. 

The so-called bioactive ceramics have been attractive because they spontaneously bond to living bone, however, they are much more brittle and much less flexible than natural bone. Previous studies reported that the essential condition for ceramics to show bioactivity is formation of a biologically active carbonate-containing apatite on their surfaces after exposure to the body fluid [337]. Calciiun sulfate was also used [338]. 

Jarcho, M., Kay, J.L., Gumaer, R.H. and Drobeck, H.P. (1977) Tissue, cellular, and subcellular events at a bone-ceramic apatite interface. Journal of Bioengineering, 1, 79-92. 

Kokubo, T., Shigematsu, M., Nagashima, Y., Tashiro, M., Nakamura, T., Yamamuro, T. and Higashi, S. (1982) Apatite- and wollastonite-containing glass-ceramics for prosthetic application. Bulletin of the Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, 60, 260-268. 

Juhasz, J.A., Best, S.M., Bonfield, W., Kawashita, M., Miyata, N., Kokubo, T. and Nakamura, T. (2003) Apatiteforming ability of glass-ceramic apatite-wollastonite — polyethylene composites effect of filler content Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine, 14, 489-95. 

Cho, S.B., Nakanishi, K., Kokubo, T., Soga, N., Ohtsuki, C., Nakamura, T., Kitsugi, T. and Yamamuro, T. (1995) Dependence of apatite formation on silica gel on its structure effect of heat treatment Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 78, 1769—1774. 

Mori, A., Ohtsuki, C., Sugino, A., Kuramoto, K., Miyazaki, T., Tanihara, M. and Osaka, A. (2003)Bioactive PMMA-based bone cement modified with methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane and calcium salts — Effects of calcium salts on apatite-forming ability. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 111, 738-742. 

Takadama, H., Kim, H.-M., Miyaji, F., Kokubo, T. and Nakamura, T. (2000) Mechanism of apatite formation induced by silanol groups - TEM observation. Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, 108, 118-121. 

Tribasic calcium phosphate occurs in nature as minerals, oxydapatite, whitlockite, voelicherite, apatite, phosphorite. It has many industrial applications. Some are similar to the monobasic and dibasic salts. It is used in fertilizers, dental products, ceramics and pohshing powder. Some other important applications are in plastics as a stabdizer as an anticaking agent as a nutrient supplement in cattle food for clarifying sugar syrup as a mordant in dyeing textiles and as a buffer to control pH. 

There are multiple applications of fluoridated bioceramics, essentially as bone and tooth substitutes (Table 1), involving bulk ceramics, glasses, composite materials and coatings for medical devices and surface treatments. In some cases, fluoride ions can leach out of the material inducing a direct biological effect in a soluble form. However, considering the affinity of fluoride ions for apatite... 

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