Antipredation

Scholz, N.L., Truelove, N.K., and French, B.L. et al. (2000). Diazinon disrupts antipredator and homing behaviours. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 57, 1911-1918. 

Lass S, Spaak P (2003) Chemically induced antipredator defences in plankton a review. 

In addition, the all-(S) absolute configuration of the Subcoccinella 24-punctata macrocycles was determined by chiral GC-MS comparison of derivatives of the natural material with optically pure synthetic samples [56]. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that this secretion serves as a potent antipredator defense contact with it elicited pronounced cleaning activity by the predatory ant Crematogaster lineolata. Additionally, application of the secretion to palatable food items rendered them unacceptable to the ant [58]. 

From a defensive point of view, it was shown that sequestered PAs constitute an efficient protection against the orb-weaving spider Nephila clavipes, which liberates butterflies unharmed from its web. In this study, AT-oxides were shown to be more active than the corresponding free bases. This could be correlated with physicochemical properties of these molecules in interaction with the Nephila receptors. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between dosage and antipredator activity of PAs [160]. 

Blum MS (1994) Antipredator devices in larvae of the Chrysomelidae a unified synthesis for defensive eclectism. In Jolivet PH, Cox ML, Petitpierre E (eds) Novel aspects of the biology of Chrysomelidae. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, p 277... 

Discrimination of the own species from other closely related and sym-patric species is essential not only for reproductive behavior hut also in the contexts of competition for resources and antipredator behavior. 

Tadpoles of the two closely related frog species Rana lessonae and Rana esculenta respond more to chemical cues of their predator, the pike E. lucius, than to visual and tactile ones. The strongest swimming, resting, and edge-use behaviors - all considered antipredator responses - occurred to a combination of... 

Berejikian, B. A., Smith, R, J. F., Tezak, E. B., Schultz, W., and Knudsen, C. M. (1999). Chemical alarm signals and complex hatchery rearing habitats affect antipredator behavior and survival of Chinook salmon [Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) juveniles. Canadian Journal of Pisheries and Acjuatic Sciences 56, 830-838. 

Brown, G. E., Adrian, J. C., Jr., Naderi, N. T., Harvey, M. C., and Kelly, J. M. (2003). Nitrogen oxides elicit antipredator responses in juvenile channel catfish, but not in convict cichlids or rainbow trout conservation of the ostariophysan alarm pheromone. Journal of Chemical Ecology 29,1781-1796. 

Garton, J. D. and Mushinsky, H. R. (1979). Integumentary toxicity and unpalatability as an antipredator mechanism in the narrow mouthed toad, Gastrophryne carolinensis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57,1965-1973. 

Jedrzejewska, B. and Jedrzejewski, W. (1990). Antipredator behaviour of bank voles and prey choice by weasels enclosure experiments. AnnalesZoologiciEennici 17,321-328. 

Laurila, A. (2000). Responses to predator chemical cues and local variation in antipredator behaviour of Rana temporaria tadpoles. Oikos 88,159-168. 

Madison, D. M., Sullivan, A. M., Maerz, J. C., McDarby, J. H., and Rohr, J. R. (2002). A complex, cross-taxon, chemical releaser of antipredator behavior in amphibians. Jottmfl/ of Chemical Ecology 28,2271-2282. 

Weldon, P. J. and Williams J. A. (1988). Rathke s glands pattern ofsecretion discharge and tests of antipredator activity. American Zoologist 28,162A. 

Barnes, M. C Persons, M. H. and Rypstra, A. L. (2002). The effect of predator chemical cue age on antipredator behavior in the wolf spider Pardosa milvina (Araneae Lycosidae). Journal of Insect Behavior 15 269-281. 

Wolf spiders show graded antipredator behavior in the presence of chemical cues from different sized predators. Journal of Chemical Ecology 27 ... 

The third factor is that PAs are extremely effective broad-spectrum feeding deterrents. Numerous species spanning 11 plant families have made use of this attribute (Hartmann and Ober, 2000). Arctiids and other PA-pharmocophagous insects have converted antiherbivore defenses to antipredator defenses. We know little about the mechanisms by which PAs affect their unpalatability. It seems unlikely that the long-term cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PAs are relevant to their fast-acting deterrency. Recent work has indicated that some PAs bind to acetylcholine receptors (Schmeller et al., 1997) however, further study is required to understand the mode of action of the PAs. 

Paul, V. J. and Van Alstyne, K. L., Use of ingested algal diterpenoids by Elysia halimedae Macnae (Opisthobranchia Ascoglossa) as antipredator defenses, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 119, 15, 1988. 

Bryan P. J., McClintock, J. B., and Baker, B. J., Population biology and antipredator defenses of the shallow water antarctic nudibranch Tritoniella belli, Mar. Biol., 132, 259, 1998. 

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