Chemical “alarm signal

Brizzi, R., Delfino, G. and Pellegrini, R. (2002) Specialized mucous glands and their possible adaptive role in the males of some species of Rana (Amphibia, Anura). J. Morph. 254, 328-341. Chen, C. and Osuch, M. V. (1969) Biosynthesis of bufadienolides - 3Bhydroxycholonates as precursors in Bufo marinus bufadienolides synthesis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 18, 1797-1802. Chivers, D. P. and Smith, R. J. F. (1998) Chemical alarm signalling in aquatic predator-prey systems a review and prospectus. Ecosci. 5, 338-352. 

Berejikian, B. A., Smith, R, J. F., Tezak, E. B., Schultz, W., and Knudsen, C. M. (1999). Chemical alarm signals and complex hatchery rearing habitats affect antipredator behavior and survival of Chinook salmon [Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) juveniles. Canadian Journal of Pisheries and Acjuatic Sciences 56, 830-838. 

Brown, G. E. and Godin, G. J. (1999). Chemical alarm signals in wild Trinidadian guppies Poecilia reticulata). Canadian Journal ofZoobgy 77,562-570. 

The role of experience and chemical alarm signaling in predator recognition by fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas. Journal of Fish Biology 44,273-285. 

Chemical alarm signaling in aquatic predator-prey systems a review and prospectus. Ecoscience 5,338-352. 

Larson, J. K. and McCormick, M. I. (2005). The role of chemical alarm signals in facilitating learned recognition of novel cues in a coral reef fish. Animal Behaviour 69,51-57. Larson, R. A. and Berenbaum, M. R. (1988). Environmental phototoxicity. Environmental... 

Mirza, R. S. and Chivers, D. P. (2001). Do chemical alarm signals enhance survival of aquatic vertebrates. An analysis of the current research paradigm. In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates, vol. 9, ed. A. Marchlewska-Koj, J. J. Lepri, and D. Miiller-Schwarze, pp. 19-26. New York Kluwer Academic/Plenum. 

Allan, R. A., Elgar, M. A. and Capon, R. J. (1996). Exploitation of an ant chemical alarm signal by the zodariid spider Habronestes bradleyi Walckenaer. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series 263 69-73. 

Mathis, A. and Smith, R.J.F., Chemical alarm signals increase the survival time of fathead minnows (Pimephalespromelas) during encounters with northern pike (Esox lucius), Behav. Ecol., 4, 260, 1993. 

Chivers DP, Brown GE, Smith RJF (1996) The evolution of chemical alarm signals attracting predators benefits alarm signal senders. Am Nat 148 649-659... 

Chivers, D. P., and Smith, R. J. F., 1998, Chemical alarm signaling in aquatic predator-prey systems a review and prospectus, Ecoscience 5 338-352. 

Chivers, D. P., Kiesecker, J.M., Anderson, M. T., Wiidy, E. L., and Blaustein, A.R., 1997, Chemical alarm signalling in terrestrial salamanders intra- and interspecific responses. Ethology 103 399-613. 

Mirza, R.S., and Chivers, D.P., 2001, Are chemical alarm signals conserved within salmonid fishes J. Chem. Ecol. 27 1641-1655. 

The intention with this paper is to add a new functional air photo to improve our current biological map, so that the area of chemical alarm signals and their functional properties may be covered in a better way. To do so, lessons learned fl-om invertebrate studies will be focused on, and the term latent alarm signal will be introduced. Of circumstantial evidence in favour of latent alarm signals in vertebrates, revealed fi-om the... 

The aim of this paper is to provide some speculative discussion and propose some hypotheses about the multiple possible functions and interactions, both within a species and between species, that could influence the evolution of chemical alarm signals in fishes. Fish alarm pheromones have been reviewed by Smith (1992) and Chivers Smith (in press) but I will provide basic background information with a few examples. 

Taxonomic Comparisons. Obviously there are many variations on the basic injury released alarm pheromone theme in fishes and other organisms. A more comprehensive examination of the distribution and variations of this phenomenon might reveal patterns. For example, are there alarm substances that are predator attractants and others that are predator repellants Are some ecological niches more amenable to chemical alarm signaling than others Electrical ostariophysans, for example, seem to lack the alarm pheromone system (Pfeiffer 1977) but may use their electrical signals in some comparable manner. 

Mathis, A., Chivers, D.P. R.J.F Smith. 1995. Chemical alarm signals predator-deterrents or predator attractants Am. Nat., 145, 994-1005. 

Mathis, A. Smith, R.J.F. 1993c. Intraspecific and cross-superorder responses to chemical alarm signals by brook stickleback. Ecology 74, 2395-2404. 

Chemical alarm signals operate when interacting individuals are aggregated or in close proximity. It is not unexpected, then, that such signals are well-developed in the social insects and relatively uncommon in pre-social species. Outside the social insects, chemical alarm systems are best developed in two homopteran groups aphids and treehoppers. In this chapter, we discuss alarm pheromones and their social context in these and other pre-social insects and suggest modes of their evolution. 

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