Antimony film electrode

Exploring the excellent combination between SIA and anodic stripping voltammetry for quantification of metals in river sediment extracts and water samples, different detectors were used as well as the preconcentration step was carried out by deposition of analytes on mercury electrode and bismuth or antimony film electrode [115-117]. Reliable voltammetric signals were obtained since it was possible to reproduce the conditions of charge and mass transport with high precision by reproducible electrode area, stirring, and time control. 

Tesafova E, Vytras K (2009) Potentiometric stripping analysis at antimony film electrodes. 

Urbanova V, Vytras K, Kuhn A (2010) Macroporous antimony film electrodes for stripping analysis of trace heavy metals. Electrochem Commun 12 114-117... 

Hocevar SB, Svancara I, Ogorevc B, Vytifas K (2007) Antimony film electrode for electrochemical stripping analysis. Anal Chem 79 8639-8643... 

The electrodes related to BiFEs or BEs, respectively, are mainly lead film-plated electrodes (PbFEs " ) and antimony film electrodes (SbFEs ) plus their possible variants. Especially the arrangement of SbFEs may offer surprisingly good performance in the determination of Cd and Pb in water samples requiring acidification to pFl 2, which is not very suitable for BiFEs responding optimally in acetate-buffered solutions. ... 

Anodic stripping voltammetry at a mercury film electrode can be used to determine whether an individual has recently fired a gun by looking for traces of antimony in residue collected from the individual s hands, fn a typical analysis a sample is collected with a cotton-tipped swab that had been wetted with 5% v/v HNO3. When returned to the lab, the swab is placed in a vial containing 5.00 mb of 4 M HCl that is 0.02 M in hydrazine sulfate. After allowing the swab to soak overnight,... 

For those redox couples that involve a metal ion plus the metal, the logical electrode system is the metal itself. In other words, if the measured quantity is to be cupric ion [copper(II)], a practical indicator electrode is a piece of copper metal. All second-class electrodes involve an active metal in combination with an insoluble compound or salt. Thus, the silver/silver chloride electrode actually is a silver/silver ion electrode system that incorporates the means to control the silver ion concentration through the chloride ion concentration [Eq. (2.14)]. A related form of this is the antimony electrode, which involves antimony and its oxide (an adherent film on the surface of the antimony-metal electrode) such that the activity of antimony ion is controlled by... 

Metal oxide film coated metal electrodes can provide reliable potentiometric pH response. The miniaturized version of them gained application in potentiometric SECM. For example, a microdisc antimony pH electrode was used by Toth et al. [47] for investigating measuring function of silver iodide based ion selective cyanide electrode. Iridium oxide based microelectrode was applied by Wipf and coworkers [48] for pH imaging. 

Hamilton TW, Ellis J, Florence TM (1980) Determination of arsenic and antimony in electrolytic cooper by anodic stripping voltammetry at a gold film electrode. Anal Chim Acta 119 225-233... 

Bromine has a lower electron affinity and electrode potential than chlorine but is still a very reactive element. It combines violently with alkali metals and reacts spontaneously with phosphorus, arsenic and antimony. When heated it reacts with many other elements, including gold, but it does not attack platinum, and silver forms a protective film of silver bromide. Because of the strong oxidising properties, bromine, like fluorine and chlorine, tends to form compounds with the electropositive element in a high oxidation state. 

Private Report on Films on Lead-Silver-Antimony Electrodes, Fulmer Research Institute to eWE Ltd. 

The antimony electrode is an example of electrode of the type metal-oxide. It consists of a rod of metallic antimony, coated with a natural film of antimony trioxide and immersed into a solution with a definite hydroxyl ion concentration. Its function can be explained as follows antimony emits at first ions into the solution... 

While the majority of enzyme electrodes fabricated have been rather large devices, there have been some recent reports concerning the development of miniaturized and even microsensors. For example, MeyerhoflF (M5) prepared an essentially disposable urea sensor (tip diameter 3 mm) by immobilizing urease at the surface of a new type of polymer-membrane electrode-based ammonia sensor (see Fig. 4). Alexander and Joseph (Al) have also prepared a new miniature urea sensor by immobilizing urease at the surface of pH-sensitive antimony wire. Similarly, lannello and Ycynych (II) immobilized urease on a pH-sensitive iridium dioxide electrode. In these latter investigations, ammonia liberated from the enzyme-catalyzed reaction alters the pH in the thin film of enzyme adjacent to the pH-sensitive wire. 

Platinum is not the only nanostructured metal besides An and Ag to have been used as the electrode in spectroelectrochemical measurements. Among the other metals that have been used are palladium, iron, rhodium, copper, cobalt, and even antimony-modified platinum. There appears to this writer to be no reason that any metal that can be deposited as an island film on a suitable substrate cannot be used as an electrode for spectroelectrochemical studies by SIERA. 

The ORDE consists of a quartz rod, polished at both ends, one of which is coated with a quasi-metallic antimony-doped tin oxide film to form a (semi-) transparent disc electrode. Light is shone down the rod and through the disc electrode as it is rotated in solution. The rotation of the ORDE imposes RDE hydrodynamics at the transparent... 

Ashrafi, A.M. and Vytfas, K. (2013) Codeposited antimony-bismuth film carbon paste electrodes for electrochemical stripping determination of trace heavy metals. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8, 2095 - 2103. 

Anodic stripping voltammetry was in use already in 1972 to determine Bi in plasma [120]. Bismuth is one of the elements most easily determined with this method. It can be deposited on electrodes at potentials at which most other elements ate in solution. Glassy carbon electrodes coated with films of mercury [100,121-124], but also of gold [101,125], are used. As reference served calomel or silver/silver chloride electrodes [121]. Platinum foils or wires were used as counterelectrodes. At -0.7 V carbon electrodes are precoated with mercury from acid Hg(II) or gold from acid Au(III) solutions. To deposit Bi on the electrode -0.2 to -0.3 V is a sufficient potential for preelectrolysis, but mostly higher voltages are chosen to determine other metals as well. Bi is stripped fiom the electrode at potentials of about -0.10 to -0.16 V. Only some elements interfere with Bi, such as arsenic, mercury, copper, and antimony. Copper interferes at high concentrations and is separated by extraction [101]. Arsenic or antimony in urine are oxidized to their pentavalent states [125]. 

The most commonly encountered TCO electrodes, typically studied as thin films, are antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), ITO, titanium oxide (anatase or rutile, Ti02), and zinc oxide (ZnO) [19], There are also some recently reported trinary and ternary oxides based on modifications of ITO, zinc-indium tin oxide, ZITO or IZTO, for example, which may become more popular with time as electrodes for solution-based redox chemistry and as anodes in devices such as OLEDs and OPVs [7], These new tailored composition oxides may exhibit higher stability, higher work functions, and/or a greater variety of surface sites with more possibilities for chemical modification. 

Various techniques are used for the fabrication of semiconductor sensors. Conductance sensors from structurized sintered polycrystalline ceramics can be produced by thick- or thin-film technology. Chemically sensitive materials in the form of single crystals or whiskers can be attached to electrodes by thin- or thick-film techniques as well. Mass production of sensors requires that the resulting devices be characterized by a defined level of conductance. For example, the conductance of polycrystalline Sn02 can be adjusted by subsequent thermal treatment >800°C under a controlled partial pressure of oxygen. Another approach to defined conductance involves doping the semiconductor with antimony or fluorine. The reproducibility and stability of a sensor signal... 

For pH measurements, different metal-metal oxide electrodes such as oxide film cowered antimony, stainless steel, iridium [11] have also been used. 

Cinnseleach R., Boschloo G., Rao S.N., Fitzmaurice D. Electrochromic windows based on viologen-modified nanostructured Ti02 films. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 1998 55 215-233 Cogan S.F., Plante T.D., Parker M.A., Rauh R.D. Electrochromic solar attenuation in crystaUine and amorphous Li WOs. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 1986 14 185-193 Coleman J.P., Lynch A.T., Madhukar P., Wagenknecht J.H. Antimony-doped tin oxide powders Electrochromic materials for printed displays. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 1999 56 375-394 Corr D., Bach U., Fay D., Kinsella M., McAtamney C., O Reilly F., Rao S.N., Stobie N. Coloured electrochromic paper-quality displays based on modified mesoporous electrodes. Solid State Ion. 2003 165 315-321... 

Antimony is a unique metal in that it can provide a direct relationship between pH and its measured potential due to the formation of an oxide film on the metal surface. The potential difference or voltage developed between antimony and a copper/copper sulfate reference electrode is typically between 0.1 to 0.7 V for a variation of pH between 1 and 11. 

Antimony (III) interferes with the electrolysis under certain conditions, possibly because of the formation of Sb204 at the electrode surface rendering it passive to further oxidation of arsenic. Prepolarization of the platinum electrodes appeared to be of some consequence arsenic (III) seems to react slowly with platinum oxide films on anodically prepolarized electrodes to restore a clean platinum surface. 

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