Antimicrobial mechanisms

The demonsfrafion fhaf fhe bacteriostatic activity of lactoferrin can be independenf of fhe level of iron saturation (Arnold et ah, 1980) suggests that lactoferrin has ofher antimicrobial mechanisms. Lactoferrin has been... 

Hamouda, T., and Baker, J. R., Antimicrobial mechanism of action of surfactant lipid preparations... 

For instance, if ampules of aqueous products were to be sterilized in a hot air oven, the mechanisms of microbial inactivation would still be by coagulation of intracellular proteins. However, heat transfer from hot air is much slower than heat transfer from steam, which is why this is not seen as a practical process. Microwave irradiation could be an alternative means of sterilizing aqueous pharmaceutical products utilizing the same antimicrobial mechanisms as steam certainly there is evidence that microwave killing patterns are mainly due to heat transfer with very little direct energy being absorbed from the microwaves. 

Neumann, N.F., J.L. Stafford, D. Barreda, A.J. Ainsworth and M. Belosevic. Antimicrobial mechanisms of fish phagocytes and their role in host defense. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 25 807-825, 2001. 

Golub LM, Lee HM, Ryan ME, et al. Tetracyclines inhibit connective tissue breakdown by multiple non-antimicrobial mechanisms. Adv Dent... 

Degranulation of PMN, releasing lactoferrin, can be induced by purified preparations of endogenous pyrogen and the activity may well reside within IL-1 (K18). Iron is essential for bacterial growth and the rapid sequestration of iron at inflammatory sites may serve as an antimicrobial mechanism and even the low-plasma iron may confer a protective effect (B67). 

Figure 3.7 Suggested antimicrobial mechanism of the action of chitosan against microbial cells (a) electrostatic binding to membrane (b) permeation to cells.

CS-metal/alumina complexed nanocomposites could be promising candidates for antimicrobial agents in the cosmetic, food and textile industries. Quaternised CS and CS-iodine could be future materials with enhanced biocidal properties. Improving our understanding of antimicrobial mechanisms will enable the continued design of new biocidal polymers, which is necessary in order to combat the development of microbial resistance. 

Jagannath, J.H., Radhika, M., Nanjappa, C., Mtirali, H.S., Bawa, A.S. Antimicrobial, mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties of starch-casein based, Neem (Melia azardirachta) extract containing film. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 101, 3948-3954 (2006)... 

Kkbanoff SJ. Antimicrobial mechanisms in neutrophihe polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Semin Hematol 1975 12 117-142. 

This chapter emphasized palmitic acid, its physical, chemical and structural features as pertaining to its functional characteristics, occrtrrence and percent distribution in plants, algae, fimgus, human and animal tissues. The antimicrobial mechanisms of action, metabolism, general biochemisby and health implications of palmitic acid provide insight into the versatile... 

The antimicrobial mechanisms of CM, Q, and CMQ suggested to be as follows. On the one hand, the positive charge of the group at C-2 resulted in a polycationic structure, which can be expected to interact with the predominantly anionic components (lipopolysaccharides, proteins) on the surface of the microorganisms (Helander et al. 2000). The interaction resulted in great alteration of the structure... 

Kurita, S., Kitagawa, E., Kim, C., Momose, Y, and Iwahashi, H. 2002. Studies on the antimicrobial mechanism of capsaicin using yeast DNA microarray. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 66 532—536. 

Ye, S. Majumdar, P. Chisholm, B. Stafslien, S. Chen, Z., Antifouling and Antimicrobial Mechanism of Tethered Quaternary Ammonium Salts in a Cross-Linked Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Matrix Studied Using Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy. Langmuir 2010,26,16455-16462. 

Some active substances or excipients have an antimicrobial effect not only through reducing the water activity, but also through a specific antimicrobial mechanism. The best-known example is propylene glycol, but also ethanol, local anaesthetics, chlorpromazine hydrochloride, promethazine hydrochloride and essential oils exhibit a specific antimicrobial effect. In addition, the combination of weak antimicrobial effects of disodium edetate, borax, and boric acid appeared to justify prolongation of the shelf life of non-preserved eye drops over the standard limit of 24 h [48]. 

Holt K, Bard JA. Interaction of Ag+ ions with the respiratory chain of E. colt an electrochemical and scanning electrochemical microscopy study of the antimicrobial mechanism of micromolar Ag-ions. Biochemistry 2005 44 13214-23. 

S., James, P. et al. (2015) Antimicrobial mechanism of resveratrol-trans-dihydrodimer produced from peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of resveratrol. Biotechnol Bioeng., 112, 2417-2428. doi 10.1002/bit.25686. 

Much of what has been learned about the mechanism and binding interactions of the glycopeptides as antibiotics can also be applied to understanding the mechanism of the glycopeptides as chiral selectors. Extensive NMR studies have shown that vancomycin forms back-to-back dimers in solution [13, 18, 19]. As previously discussed, the glycopeptide antimicrobial mechanism has been examined with respect to the role the sugar moiety plays in this process as well as the glycopeptide s ability to dimerize [14,19]. Subsequently, dimerization of vancomycin in chiral separations was examined to determine its impact on enantioselectivity. 

Cassava S-Ch films incorporated with oregano essential oil Extrusion Antimicrobial, mechanical and barrier properties Pelissarietal., 2009... 

Sun X, Wang Z, Kadauh H, Zhou K (2014). The antimicrobial, mechanical, physical and structural properties of chitosan. Food Sci Technol, 57,83-89. 

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