Antimicrobial Biguanide

Reviews - The experimental aspects of the chemotherapy of tuberculosis were reviewed by Batten, clinical aspects were discussed editorially. Browne reviewed the treatment of leprosy. A favorable editorial comment was made on the use of an antimutagen (quinacrlne) with standard treatment of urinary tract Infection to prevent the rise of resistant bacterial strains. Lampe examined the changing concepts in the therapy of urinary tract disease. The not unrelated fields of sulfonamides, and nitro-furans were also reviewed. The resistance development as a consequence of antimicrobial drugs in animal feeds was examined. Topical antimicrobials were reviewed in several contexts antiseptics and disinfectants, soap bacteriostats,deodorants and antlperspirants,and antimicrobial biguanides. The topical treatment of burns and the renaissance of mafenide for such use was discussed by Moncrief. Veterinary ophthalmic antimicrobials were reviewed. 

Ghlorhexidine Gluconate. Chlorhexidine gluconate [18472-51 -0] (l,l -hexamethylene bis[5-(p-chlorophenyl) biguanide] di-D-gluconate) is used as an antimicrobial against both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria ia the oral cavity. It is used as a therapeutic supplement ia the treatment of gingivitis, periodontal disease, and dental caries. A mouth riase form is available as a 0.12 wt% aqueous solution (288). 

Chlorhexidine is an antimicrobial agent first synthesized at Imperial Chemical Industries in 1954 in a research programme to produce compounds related to the biguanide antimalarial proguanil. 

These consist of a solution, dispersion or suspension of a biguanide polymer reacted with a crosslinking agent to form an adduct and an antimicrobial metal material. The resulting antimicrobial coating does not release biocidal levels of leachables into the surrounding solution. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EUROPEAN UNION UK USA WESTERN EUROPE... 

Wallace, M.L., 2001. Testing the efficacy of polyhexamethylene biguanide as an antimicrobial treatment for cotton fabric. AATCC Rev. 1, 18-20. 

Dilamiana, M., Montazerb, M., and Masoumic, J. (2013) Antimicrobial electrospun membranes of chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) incorporating poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride. Carhohydr. Polym., 94, 364-371. 

Long-chain alkylamines and the corresponding ammonium salts can also be characterized as cationic surface agents they exhibit considerable antimicrobial activity if the alkyl chain consists of 12-15 carbon atoms. This is also valid for aliphatic diamines, guanidines and biguanides (Section 16.2). 

The guanidines and biguanides exhibiting antimicrobial activity derive from guanidine and guanylguanidine = biguanide respectively. These are alkaline substances, stabilized by resonance they form salts with acids. 

Membrane-active microbicides include alcohols - phenols - acids- saHcylanilides - carbanOides - dibenzamidines -biguanides - quaternary ammonium salts and other active ingredients with cationic character, e.g. azole fungicides which also act as chelate formers. As many of the antimicrobial agents which are able to complex metal cations display membrane-activity, they will be considered here as membrane-active microbicides. 

Guanidine and guanylguanidine (biguanide) are bases which are stabilized by resonance. They exhibit strong alkaline reaction in aqueous media and form salts with acids. Alkyl derivatives dispose of distinctive antimicrobial efficacy. 

With few exceptions, all substances with an antimicrobial effect as well as those which are used for textile finishing are non-water-soluble. One exception is the cation-active and very thermostable poly-(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB), which is available in the form of an aqueous solution, e.g. Sanitized T 96-04. Unfortunately however, PHMB is unsuitable for finishing most synthetic fibers, for the reason that it exhibits practically no adhesive power with polyamide or polyester fibers. 

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