Cation surface agents

Long-chain alkylamines and the corresponding ammonium salts can also be characterized as cationic surface agents they exhibit considerable antimicrobial activity if the alkyl chain consists of 12-15 carbon atoms. This is also valid for aliphatic diamines, guanidines and biguanides (Section 16.2). 

Soaps of heavy metals have been used but cationic surface-active agents have proved more suitable, notably organic amines of relatively high molecular weight. 

These oxazolines have cationic surface-active properties and are emulsifying agents of the water-in-oil type. They ate acid acceptors and, in some cases, corrosion inhibitors (see Corrosion). Reaction to oxazoline also is useful as a tool for determination of double-bond location in fatty acids (2), or for use as a protective group in synthesis (3). The oxazolines from AEPD and TRIS AMINO contain hydroxyl groups that can be esterified easily, giving waxes (qv) with saturated acids and drying oils (qv) with unsaturated acids. 

Cationic surface-active agents promote wetting of the sulfur and thereby increase the reaction rate (36). The quahty of the product is improved by using photographic-grade sodium sulfite or bisulfite. Excess sulfur is filtered before evaporation (qv) and crystallization (qv). Evaporation is energy-intensive thus it is important to produce the thiosulfate solution at the highest possible concentration. The purity of the product is typically >99% sulfite and sulfate ate the main impurities. 

Surface-active agents iacrease the conductivity of oils quite significantly (97), and addition of water, probably dissolved at the iaterface with the surfactant, further iacreases the conductivity. Nonionic and cationic surface-active agents are preferred to anionic surface-active agents probably because of their higher solubiHty ia oils and higher hygroscopicity. Many anionic surfactants have adequate antistatic efficiency, but they are used less frequendy. 

Benzyl-derived quaternary ammonium compounds are used widely as cationic surface-active agents and as germicides, fungicides, and sanitizers. Benzyl alcohol is used in a wide spectmm of appHcations including pharmaceuticals and perfumes, as a solvent, and as a textile dye assistant. 

The effect of mixtures of surfactants and polyelectrolytes on spontaneous, water-catalysed hydrolysis (Fadnavis and Engberts, 1982) was mentioned in Section 4, but mixtures of functionalized polyelectrolytes and cationic surfacants are effective deacylating agents (Visser et al., 1983). Polymerized isocyanides were functionalized with an imidazole group and the deacylation of 2,4-dinitrophenyl acetate in the polyelectrolyte was speeded by addition of single or twin chain quaternary ammonium ion surfactants, up to a plateau value. Anionic surfactants had essentially no effect. It is probable that the cationic surfactants accelerate the reaction by increasing the deprotonation of the imidazole groups. 

Spectrophotometric methods have found fairly extensive applications but are limited in sensitivity and specificity (cationic surface active agents,... 

Simms etal. [8] discuss the quantitative determination of cationic surface active agents at the sub-ppb level in sewage sludges using fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. 

Baleux, B. and Caumette, P. (1977) Biodegradation of some cationic surface-active agents. Water Res., 11, 833-841. 

LAURYL PYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE is a cationic surface active agent which is used as a dispersing and wetting agent to keep spinnerettes clean in the manufacture of viscose rayon. In the textile industry it is used as a stripping agent for vat and other dyes. 

Quaternary ammonium compounds are surface-active agents. Some of them precipitate or denature proteins and destroy microorganisms. The most important disinfectants in this group are cationic surface-active agents, such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and methylbenzethonium chloride, and cetylpyridinium chloride the problems that they cause are similar. 

L. K. Wang, Cationic surface active agent as bactericide. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Product Research and Development, 14(4), 308-312 (1975). 

Use Curing agent for polyurethane foams, intermediate for cationic surface-active agents. Note Two other isomers are available, cis-2,5- and trans-2,5- neither is flammable, but both are combustible. 

Use Intermediate for manufacture of cationic surface-active agents, germicides. 

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