Antigen saponins

E. C. (1988b). Incorporation of the major outer membrane protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in saponin-Upid complexes (Iscoms) Chemical analysis, some structural features, and comparison of their immunogenicity with three other antigen delivery systems, Inf. Immun., 56, 432-438. 

So H-S, et al. Effect of a novel saponin adjuvant derived from Quillaja saponaria on the immune response to recombinant Hepatitis B surface antigen. Mol Cells 1996 7(2) 178 186. 

Two saponins from soybean seeds having soyasapogenol as aglycone were shown to have a partial inhibitory effect on HIV-induced cytopathology in infected human MT-2 lymphocytes cultures [158], The major constituent of group of B saponins from soybean seeds completely inhibited HIV-induced cytophatic effects and virus-specific antigen expression 6 days after infection at concentration > 0.25 mg/ml. Saponins isolated from soybean seeds inhibited HIV-1 replication in MT-4 cells at 0.5 [tg/ml (Nakamura et al. 1992) [159]. These saponins had a narrow therapeutic index and did not inhibit HIV-1 RT. One of them was found to inhibit HIV-induced cell fusion in MOLT-4 cells. 

The following method (Bohn, 1978, 1980) is particularly suitable for monolayer cells. Fixation with FA (1%) and 0.0125% GA gives poor penetration of sera, even after 18 h of incubation. Saponin enhances penetration, and thus the detection of intracellular antigens whereas pretreatment with saponin is unsatisfactory for the preservation of morphology. Several combinations of GA and saponin were investigated at constant FA concentrations. Best results were obtained with the mixture given in Table 17.9D and Table 17.10. 

Santos WR, Bernardo RR, Pecanha LMT, Palatnik M, Parente JP, De Sousa CBP (1997) Haemolytic Activities of Plant Saponins and Adjuvants. Effect of Periandra mediterranea Saponin on the Humoral Response to the FML Antigen of Leishmania donovani. Vaccine 15 1024... 

Recently a novel saponin designated as QS-L1 from Quillaja saponaria (32) was shown to be active as adjuvant only when administered in the presence of alum-precipitated antigen. QS-L1 greatly increased not only a humoral immune response but also a cellular immune response to recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) with low toxicity in vitro and in vivo [42],... 

Quil A is used as a free form or incorporated into ISCOMs (Immunostimulating complexes). The ISCOM is a cage-like 30-40 nm particle formed through hydrophobic interactions between amphipathic antigens and the complexes formed by Quillaja saponins (0.5 % of Quil A), cholesterol (0.1.%) and phospholipids (0.1.%) [43, 53]. ISCOMs are... 

A panel of standardized in vitro assays used to evaluate this activity was described by Wagner and Jurcic (1991) [56], Many saponins were shown able to modify in vitro non specific (both humoral and cellular) immune functions in a non antigen-dependent manner. As summarized in Table 3, they showed a mitogenic effect in lymphocytes cultures, the activation of macrophages and granulocytes and they influenced the production of cytokines. 

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