Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis

Pessi, G Kociubinski, G. Ben Mamoun, C. A pathway for phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Plasmodium falciparum involving phosphoethanolamine methyla-tion. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2004,101, 6206-6211. 

Lamb RG, Koch JC, Bush SR. An enzymatic explanation of the differential effects of oleate and gemfibrozil on cultured hepatocyte triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and secretion. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993 1165 299-305. 

Figure 3. Inhibition of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by apoptosis-inducing compounds. The target enzyme for the inhibition of PC biosynthesis is shown for several compounds that have further in common that they all induce apoptosis. Abbreviations are as follows CK, choline kinase CPT, cholinephosphotransferase CT, CTP phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase PC, phosphatidylcholine.

Anthony, M.L., Zhao, M., and Brindle, K.M., 1999, Inhibition of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis following induction of apoptosis in HL-60 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 274 19686-19692... 

Geilen, C.C., Haase, A., Wieder, T., Arndt, D., Zeisig R. and Reutter W., 1994, Phospholipid analogs side chain- and polar head group-dependent effects on phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. J. Lipid Res. 35 625-632... 

Voziyan, P.A., Goldner, C.M., and Melnykovych, G., 1993, Famesol inhibits phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in cultured cells by decreasing cholinephosphotransferase activity. Biochem. J. 295 757-762... 

Wieder, T., PerUtz, C., Wieprecht, M., Huang, R.T., Geilenm C.C. and Orfanosm, CR., 1995, Two new sphingomyelin analogs inhibit phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by decreasing membrane-bound CTP phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase levels in HaCaT cells. Biochem. J. 311 873-879... 

Additional regulation of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis occurs at the second step in the biosynthetic sequence (see fig. 19.4) where either CDP-choline or CDP-ethanolamine are made. For phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, the activity of CTP phos-phocholine cytidylyltransferase (which makes CDP-choline) is governed by an unusual mechanism. The enzyme... 

Vance, D. E. (ed.), Phosphatidylcholine Metabolism, Boca Raton, Fla. CRC Press, 1989. This advanced monograph contains 13 chapters on all aspects of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and catabolism. 

Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis appears to be regulated principally at the step catalyzed by CTP phos-phocholine cytidylyltransferase. Does the type of regulation observed make biochemical sense Draw a chemical reaction mechanism for this enzyme. 

Sher, R. B., Aoyama, C., Huebsch, K. A., Ji, S., Kerner, J., Yang, Y., et al. (2006) A rostrocaudal muscular dystrophy caused by a defect in choline kinase beta, the first enzyme in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 281, 4938-4948. 

Griac, P., and Henry, S.A., 1996, Phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Effects on regulation of phospholipid synthesis and respiratory competence. In Op den Kamp, J.A.F. (ed.), NATO ASI Series Molecular Dynamics of Biological Membranes. Springer, Verlag, pp. 339-346. 

She QB, Hayakawa T, and Tsnge H (1995) Alteration in the phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis of rat liver microsomes caused hy vitamin Be deficiency. Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry 59, 163-7. 

Tabas, L, Marathc, S., Keesler, C. A., Beal ini, N., and Shiratori, Y. (1996). Evidence that the initial up-regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in free choiesterol-loaded macrophages is an adaptive response that prevents cholcslcrol-induced cellular necrosis. J. Biol Chem. 271, 22773-22781. 

Pelech, S. L., and Vance, D. E. (1984). Regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. Bioidjifn. BfcpJjys. Acta 779,217-251. 

Pantazi D, Kitsiouli E, Karkabounas A et al (2013) Dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis is induced by non-injurious mechanical stretch in a model of alveolar type II cells. Lipids 48(8) 827-838... 

Araki W, Wurtman RJ (1997) Control of membrane phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by diacylglycerol levels in neuronal ceUs undergoing neurite outgrowth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94 11946-11950... 

Wl. Warden, C. H., and Friedkin, M., Regulation cff phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by mitogenic growth factors. Bioddm. Biophys. Acta 792, 270-280 (1964). 

Newer data suggest that the primary antifungal action of edifenphos is due to interference of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis by the transmethylation reaction of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. Therefore, the mode of action of edifenphos has a strong resemblance to that of IBP (Kitantin P ) (Kodama et al., 1980). 

Phosphatidylcholine is the major phospholipid of lesional cells and, as mentioned above, serves both structural and signaling functions (Chapter 8). In terms of cellular membrane structure, the cholesteroLphospholipid ratio in lesional cells must be kept within a certain limit in order for the proper functioning of membrane proteins [14]. Cholesterol-rich foam cells isolated from atherosclerotic lesions have intracellular phospholipid whorl-like structures, and phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis is increased in lesional areas of the arterial wall (Fig. 8). Cell-culture studies have revealed that cholesterol loading of macrophages directly leads to the activation of CTPrphospho-choline cytidylyltransferase and an increase in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis and mass. Proof that this is an adaptive response to FC excess came from a study in which the cytidylyltransferase-a gene was disrupted in macrophages, which resulted in... 

Ancelin, M. L. and Vial, H. J. (1989) Regulation of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Plasmodium knowlesi-infected erythrocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1001 82-89. 

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