Antifouling material

Kim J, Delio R, Dordick JS (2002) Protease-containing silicates as active antifouling materials. Biotechnol Prog 18 551-555... 

Unique surface properties further distinguish silicones from other materials. The low surface tension of sihcone fluids makes them ideal for apphcations such as paper release agents, fiber lubricants, textile hand modifiers, mold release agents, antifouling materials, and water repellents. In fact, sihcones have been used in foam control and as anticaking aids, corrosion inhibitors, emulsifiers, lubricants, conditioners, and gloss enhancers—all because of their special surface properties, see also Polymers, Synthetic. 

Durability of Polymeric Prostheses 313 19.5.1.1 Passive Antifouling Materials 320... 

After implantation, the surface of the prosthesis is the first component to come into contact with the surrounding biological milieu. Therefore, surface characteristics play an important role in controlling the course of subsequent biological reactions. Antifouling materials are materials that can resist protein adsorption or microbial adhesion [205,206]. Hence, they have potential applications as surface coatings on implantable devices such as heart valves and hip joint prostheses to minimize biofihn formation and subsequent device-associated infections. 

Recently, to obtain antifouling materials, segmented PUs having the same hard domain but a variable soft domain have been synthesized. The soft phase was constituted by polypropylene oxide (PPO), polycaprolactone (PCL), or poly-L-lactide (PLA). PCL- and PLA-containing PUs reduced the adhesion of S. epidermidis compared to the PPO-containing PU this ability is presumably related to their greater hydrophilicity. 

Andruzzi, L., et al. (2000). Block copol5mers with perfluorinated side-chain blocks and preparation thereof for marine antifouling materials. In PCT Int. Appl. WO 0042084, Jotun A/S, Norway, 35 pp. 

Despite the attractions of economic forces driving environmental protection, some cautions and failures have been noted. Firstly, the export of hazardous waste to countries where costs for treatment are lower enhances environmental risks during transport and has the potential for transboundary export in the event of pollution. At the same time, the loss of raw material may deprive the home market of an adequate supply of feedstock for the home-based industry. Secondly, there is considerable scepticism that self-regulation of TBT-based antifoulants could be achieved in a timely manner by the shipping industry. This is an instance where the cost benehts to one industry are born by another commercial sector, notably aquaculture. Thus, protection of the marine environment is likely to be aided by economic factors but the role of government, via taxation and standard setting, is not likely to be usurped. Public education and, in turn, pressure, can promote and support corporate environmentalism. 

Blistering is influenced by the total film thickness as well as by the application conditions and the coating material. A minimum dry film thickness of over 250 is required, and this does not take account of the antifouling component [10]. 

Dyckman, E. J. Montemarano, J. A. In Antifouling Organometallic Polymers Environmentally Compatible Materials, Report No. 4186, Naval Ship R D Center, Bethesda, MD, 1974. 

Copper concentrations in air, soil, water, sediments, and other abiotic materials are elevated as a result of human activities, especially near copper smelters and mines, urban areas, municipal and industrial wastewater outfalls, marinas containing copper-based antifouling paints, and agricultural soils receiving prolonged applications of copper-based fungicides (Table 3.2). Maximum copper... 

According to Schneider and Allerman (2001), Alcalase is the name of an enzyme that might be used to hydrolyse e.g. barnacle proteins. Less than 5 wt% (solvent-free basis) enzyme is used in an antifouling paint (Schneider and Allerman, 2001) and so a seawater-soluble carrier material should probably be... 

An important application of copper(I) oxide is in antifouling paints for steel, wood, and other materials exposed to sea water. Other applications include manufacture of ruby-red glass and preparation of miscellaneous copper salts. It also is used as a reducing agent in brazing pastes as a fungicide in photocells and as a catalyst. 

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