Antifouling activity

In addition to bacterial inhibition, furanones from D. pulchra directly inhibit settlement and attachment of some species of biofouling larvae and zoospores (de Nys et al. 1995 Dwoijanyn et al. 2006), demonstrating the broad-spectrum antifouling activity of these molecules. However, the molecular mechanisms by which furanones deter larvae and zoospores are not known. 

Controlled release epoxy formulations in which tin is chemically anchored as tributyltin carboxylate to the polymer chain are discussed. NMR evidence is presented to establish that rapid exchange exists in tributyltin carboxylates. Consequently, even the interfacial reaction between tributyltin carboxylates and chloride is very fast equilibrium constants are reported for the reaction between tributyltin acrylate in hexane and sodium chloride in water. IR spectra, gas chromatographic retention time, chloride assay, and the complex intensity pattern of the molecular ion peaks in the mass spectrum show that the product of the reaction is tributyltin chloride, suggesting that it is the chemical species responsible for antifouling activity in marine environment. 

IO-isothiocyanato-l l-axene Acanthella cavernosa [175] Antifouling activity... 

Hirota H, Tomono Y, Fusetani N (1996) Terpenoids with Antifouling Activity Against Barnacle Larvae from the Marine Sponge Acanthella cavernosa. Tetrahedron 52 2359... 

Fusetani N, Hiroto H, Okino T, Tomono Y, Yoshimura E (1996) Antifouling Activity of Isocyanoterpenoids and Related Compounds Isolated from a Marine Sponge and Nudi-branchs. J Nat Toxins 5 249... 

Holmstrom C, Egan S, Franks A, McCloy S, Kjelleberg S (2002) Antifouling Activities Expressed by Marine Surface Associated Pseudoalteromonas Species. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 41 47... 

Sjogren M, Goransson U, Johnson A-L, Dahlstrom M, Andersson R, Bergman J, Jonsson PR, Bohlin L (2004) Antifouling Activity of Brominated Cyclopeptides from the Marine Sponge Geodia barretti. J Nat Prod 67 368... 

Todd, J. S., Zimmerman, R. C., Crews, P., and Alberte, R. S., The antifouling activity of natural and synthetic phenolic acid sulphate esters, Phytochemistry, 34, 401, 1993. 

Butler, A. J., van Altena, I. A., and Dunne, S. J., Antifouling activity of lyso-platelet-activating factor extracted from Australian sponge Crella incrustans, J. Chem. Ecol., 22, 2041, 1996. 

Fusetani, N., Hirota, H., Okino, T., Tomono, Y., and Yoshimura, E., Antifouling activity of isocyan-oterpenoids and related compounds isolated from a marine sponge and nudibranchs, J. Nat. Toxins, 5, 249, 1996. 

Tsukamoto, S., Kato, H., Hirota, H., and Fusetani, N., Seven new polyacetylene derivatives, showing both potent metamorphosis-inducing activity in ascidian larvae and antifouling activity against barnacle larvae, from the marine sponge Callyspongia truncata, J. Nat. Prod., 60, 126, 1997. 

Clare, A.S., Rittschof, D., Price, R.R., and Gerhart, D.J., Khellin, a natural product analogue with antifouling activity laboratory and field studies, in Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, Bousher, A. and Edyvean, R.G.J., Eds., Rugby, Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1995, 573. 

Ponasik, J.A., Conova, S., Kinghorn, D., Kinney, W.A., Rittschof, D., and Ganem, B., Pseudocerati-dine, a marine natural product with antifouling activity synthetic and biological studies, Tetrahedron, 54, 6977, 1998. 

A new epoxy-bridged cembranoid diterpene 49 possessing antifouling activity was reported from an unidentified Thai soft coral species of the Sarcophyton genus, whose structure was assigned by NMR and NMR experiments. Two new cembranoids, 50 and 51, which showed cytotoxic activity on ehrlichacities tumor... 

Bromotyrosine-derived metabolites are often encountered in marine sponges of the families Aplysinidae and Pseudocer-atidae, in particular Pseudoceratina (= Psammaplysilla) purpurea. They show a variety of biological activities, which include antimicrobial, enzyme inhibitory, and antifouling activities. Psammaplysin A (47) is antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and antifouling, whereas psammaplin A (48) is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase (2). The marine sponge lanthella basta synthesizes at least 25 bastadins that are linear or cyclic peptides composed of four bromotyrosine residues [bastadin 5 (49)] and show antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and enzyme inhibitory activities as well as interaction with Ca + channels (21). 

An excellent review paper on compounds from marine sponges with antifouling activity was written by Fusetani [56]. A recent review on the antifouling activity of 3-AP compounds, with special emphasis on the polymeric alkylpyridinium salts (poly-APS, 77) and their antifouling activity, was also recently published [57]. So far, poly-APS are the only 3-APs for which anti micro- and macro-fouling activity has been studied intensively. 

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