Anti-epileptic

Clobazam PM SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS Adjunct to other anti-epileptics. Partly as an anxiolytic... 

Upton, N (1994) Mechanisms of action of new anti-epileptic drugs. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15 456-462. 

Loss of consciousness Muscle relaxation Hypnosis Sedation Ataxia Anti-epileptic Anti-anxiety... 

The term pharmaceutical includes more than 4,000 chemicals used to control and treat different kinds of diseases in humans and animals. Pharmaceuticals include analgesics, anti-inflammatories, anti-epileptics, (l-blockers, compounds used to prevent and treat parasites and microbial infections (parasiticides and antibiotics) and those for combating cancer. Hormones are also a class of pharmaceuticals but due to their particular involvement in endocrine disruption, they have been discussed in a separate section (see above). 

There is an informative parallel to be drawn between the metabolism of fatty acids and that of valproic acid (VA), a well-known anti-epileptic drug. One of the metabolites of VA is A4-valproic acid (10.54, Fig. 10.16), which undergoes a number of metabolic transformations, including oxygenation to epoxide 10.55. Rather than being a substrate for EH, this epoxide reacts by intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the carboxylate anion at the internal C-... 

Phenytoin is an anti-epileptic drug. Patients taking anti-epileptic drugs are advised to take the medicine routinely, as directed, to stabilise and to avoid epileptic attacks as much as possible. Phenytoin has a narrow therapeutic index so it is important to identify side-effects. It may cause blood disorders. Patients are therefore advised to report immediately any symptoms of bruising or unexplained bleeding. Visual symptoms as a result of phenytoin do not commonly occur. Their occurrence may indicate overdosage. 

Largactil is a proprietary preparation of chlorpromazine, an aliphatic antipsychotic with marked sedation and moderate antimuscarinic and extrapyramidal side-effects. Serenace is a proprietary preparation of haloperidol, a butyrophenone antipsychotic with marked extrapyramidal side-effects, moderate sedation but not very likely to cause hypotension. Tegretol is a proprietary preparation of carbamazepine, an anti-epileptic drug indicated in partial and secondary generalised tonic-clonic seizures, primary generalised tonic-clonic seizures, trigeminal neuralgia and in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder unresponsive to lithium. 

Anti-epileptic drugs, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine and valproate, may lead to neural tube defects if administered during pregnancy. Concurrent administration of folate supplements, such as folic acid, is recommended. 

Tegretol consists of carbamazepine, which is an anti-epileptic drug. There is a clinically significant drug interaction between carbamazepine and clarithromycin (macrolide antibacterial agent) resulting in higher plasma concentrations of carbamazepine. 

Carbamazepine is an anti-epileptic, which may also be used in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Monitoring of carbamazepine plasma concentrations is required if high doses are administered as carbamazepine tends to be an autoinducer, meaning that the half-life is shortened following repeated administration of the drug. 

Q61 Carbamazepine has anti-epileptic and psychotropic properties. Carbamazepine is related chemically to the tricyclic antidepressants. 

Carbamazepine is an anti-epileptic with psychotropic properties. It is chemically related to tricyclic antidepressants. Its uses include the treatment of... 

H15. Huisman, J. W., Van Heycep Tentham, H. W., and Van Zijl, C. H. W., Influence of ethylphenacemide on serum levels of other anti-epileptic drugs. Epilepsia 11, 207-215 (1970). 

M15. Meinardi, H., Workshop on the determination of anti-epileptic drugs in body fluids I. Eur. Symp. Epilepsy, 6th, London, 1972. 

Parenteral Adjunct in status epilepticus and severe recurrent convulsive seizures. Rectal For selected, refractory patients on stable regimens of anti-epileptic agents who require intermittent use of diazepam to control bouts of increased seizure activity. 

It is not necessary to monitor gabapentin plasma concentrations to optimize therapy. Further, because there are no significant pharmacokinetic interactions with other commonly used anti-epileptic drugs, the addition of gabapentin does not alter the plasma levels of these drugs appreciably. 

Anti-diabetic agents Anti-epileptics Anti-fungal agents Anti-gout agents Anti-hypertensive agents... 

Fig. 1. Example of a receptor structure. Some anti-epileptic drugs interact with a receptor site on a Na" " channel and enhance the activity of the inactivation gate (I) decreasing the ahihty of neurons to fire at high frequencies. (A) indicates the activation gate of this ion channel. (Reprinted by permission from McNamara JO. Emerging insights into the genesis of epilepsy. Nature 1999 399(Suppl) A15-22, 1999 Macmillan Magazines Ltd.)...

Anti-epileptic drugs - - effective in neuropathic pain ... 

Finally, a systematic review of ten trials including 2036 patients dealing with the prevention of seizures after brain injury concludes Prophylactic anti-epileptics are effective in reducing early seizures, but there is no evidence that treatment with prophylactic anti-epileptics reduces the occurrence of late seizures, or has any effect on death and neurological disability. Insufficient evidence is available to establish the net benefit of prophylactic treatment at any time after injury . 

Schierhout G, Roberts I. Anti-epileptic drugs for preventing seizures following acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001. 

A typical application of GC to the determination of a drug in plasma is in the determination of the anti-epileptic drug valproic acid after solid phase extraction (see Ch. 15) by GC with flame ionisation detection. In this procedure, caprylic acid, which is isomeric with valproic acid, was used as an internal standard. The limit of detection for the drug was 1 pg/ml of plasma. The trace shown in Figure 11.25 indicates the more extensive interference from background peaks extracted from the biological matrix which occurs in bioanalysis compared to the quality control of bulk materials. 

Anti-epileptic. An agent that combats the convulsions or seizures of epilepsy. 

The answer is g. (Katzung, pp 399-400.) Phenytoin is one of the most commonly used anti epileptic agents. Chronic administration has been reported to cause adverse reactions, such as ataxia, dizziness, nystagmus, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, and megaloblastic anemia. 

Maggi A, Enna SJ Regional alterations in rat brain neurotransmitter systems following chronic lithium treatment. J Neurochem 34 888-892, 1980 Maggi A, Perez J Minireview role of female gonadal hormones in the CNS clinical and experimental aspects, life Sci 37 893-906, 1985 Maitre L, Baltzer V, Mondadori C Psychopharmacological and behavioural effects of anti-epileptic drugs in animals, in Anticonvulsants in Affective Disorders. Edited by Emrich HM, Okuma T, Muller AA. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica, 1984, pp 3-13... 

Olpe H, Kolb CN, Hausdorf A, et al 4-Aminopyridine and barium chloride attenuate the anti-epileptic effect of carbamazepine in hippocampal slices. Experientia 47 254-257, 1991... 

Tach5 hylaxis is the rapid development of tolerance in which there is a marked reduction in response even after repeated doses of a drug. It is not necessary that tolerance develop equally to all the action of the drug, e.g. tolerance of morphine occurs to its analgesic and euphoric action and not to its constipating and miotic actions. Likewise in phenobarbitone, tolerance occurs to its sedative action and not to its anti-epileptic action. 

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