Antibody criteria

Guilloteau D, Perdrisot R, Calmettes C, Baulieu JL, Lecomte P, Kaphan G, et al. Diagnosis of medullary carcinoma (MCT) of the thyroid hy calcitonin assay using monoclonal antibodies criteria for the penta-gastrin stimulation test in hereditary MCT. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990 71 1064-7. 

Rosenthaler, J., Munzer, M. and Voges, R. (1983) Immunoassay of bromocriptine and specificity of antibody criteria for choice of antiserum and marker compound. In Reid, E. and Leppard, J.P., Eds., Drug metabolite isolation and determination. Plenum Press, New York, p. 215-223. 

An example of cIEF e-gram showing antibody peak integration is shown in Figure 23. The p7 values of the two main peaks (main peak 1 and 2) were recorded. As an identity assay, a reference standard is always included in the same run sequence. The cIEF profile of the sample is compared with the profile of the reference standard. The criterion for an identity test is usually that the sample be comparable to reference standard, as measured by a comparison of the p7 values of the sample and the reference standard, with no new peaks visible. 

The criterion for purity was a single band on a heavily loaded SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gel. Antibodies were raised in rabbits in response to three intravenous injections each of 2mg. of laccase A with Freunds adjuvant, at 2 weekly intervals. Blood was removed 7d after the last injection and serum collected after coagulation of the blood cells. 

The opposite case, of over-selecting a patient population, has also been seen recently, and with another ERBB 1 inhibitor— the monoclonal antibody cetuximab. Initial studies were conducted in patients whose tumors had immunohistochemical evidence of EGER expression (25). This ultimately led to inclusion of this criterion in the drug label. It was subsequently found that benefit from cetuximab may also occur in the absence of ERBBl expression (26). 

Although the concept of patient variability had been articulated by the middle of the twentieth century, the concept that a difference between two groups could be due to chance was slow to be accepted. The first clinical trial to use a formal statistical analysis reportedly occurred in 1962. The study involved a comparison of antibody production after yellow fever vaccination by two different methods. Several years later (1966) a critique of statistical methods used in medical journal manuscripts suggested a lack of proper study design and data analysis. In this critique, the authors canonized the criterion of P < 0.05 for a difference between two groups to be considered not due to chance. 

Nature has required the evolution of usefully selective hosts, and proteins (in the forms of enzymes, receptors, and antibodies) provide them. However, no individual protein molecule lasts in a cell for very long. All proteins are constantly anabolized and catabolized, with constant concentrations achieved via homeostasis. Nature never demanded permanence of its molecular recognition machinery. When we utilize biotic receptors for one-time, batch analytical applications, the receptors clearly meet the useful criterion. However, if a receptor must have an extended lifetime in a sensing device, then we propose that biotic receptors represent the easiest place in which to search instead of the right place to search. If a biotic receptor cannot reasonably be made stable enough to survive weeks of service, then it will not be useful for a sensing application no matter how avid or selective. 

Another criterion for classification is based upon the number of dimensions (one or two) in which the diffusion takes place. The one-dimension techniques are mainly those that make use of cylindrical tubes or of cells with parallel walls in which the antigen and the antibody layers usually occupy the whole section of the vessel with a height that can be varied along the dimension parallel to the axis of this vessel. In these conditions, the diffusion can be considered only along the latter dimension. 

The main criterion of this type is the detection of LKM 1 (titre >1 80), which is exclusively found in AIH. ASGPR and LC 1 are sometimes also present. (26, 35, 45, 92, 107) In contrast, ANA and SMA antibodies are not detectable as a rule. Antithyroid and antiparietal cell antibodies can be frequently identified. Type 2 is 5-6 times less frequent (5-10%) than type 1. It occurs early in life (about 50% of cases involve children (34, 56) and adolescents) (68) and is often associated with extrahepa-tic manifestations. Type 2 usually commences like acute viral hepatitis, and genetically determined IgA defi-... 

We used several methods were used to model antibody CDRs that can be divided into two categories (1) a knowledge-based approach that uses CDRs from known crystal structures of antibodies and (2) an ab-initio approach that builds CDR loops. All of these approaches must fulfill one criterion to identify the conformation that is best adapted to the framework of a current model. Unfortunately, none of the current methods has an... 

Approximately 5% to 10% of aU cases of diabetes mellitus are in this category. Patients usually have abrupt onset of symptoms (e.g., polyuria, polydipsia, and rapid weight loss). Patients have insulinopenia (a deficiency of insulin) caused by loss of pancreatic islet (3-ceUs and are dependent on insulin to sustain life and prevent ketosis. Most patients have antibodies that identify an autoimmune process (see later discussion) some patients have no evidence of autoimmunity and are classified as type 1 idiopathic. The peak incidence is in childliood and adolescence. Approximately 75% acquire the disease before age 30 years, but the onset in the remainder may occur at any age. Age at presentation is not a criterion for classification. 

A critical criterion of selection is that the probiotic strain must be tolerated by the immune system and should not provoke the formation of antibodies against the probiotic. This latter property, in conjunction with the ability of some LAB to survive and colonize in the gut, has given rise to further applications, which involve their use as live vectors for oral immunization, i.e., introducing antigens targeting the GALT and aiming to induce a mucosal immune response (Marteau and Rambaud, 1993). 

A complete assessment of catalyst performance must in addition address product inhibition and catalyst inactivation. For preparative applications, the final criterion concerns the absolute value of kcao which expresses how much product can be obtained from the catalysts per unit of time. As will be seen below, several catalytic antibodies indeed turn out to perform excellently in all respects. 

Atopy, defined either by a positive skin prick test or presence of IgE antibodies in serum to common environmental allergens, may be used as a criterion for increased risk of development of occupational allergy. Exclusion of workers with a positive skin prick test can, however, mean denying employment to approximately one third of job applicants, only a proportion of whom would develop occupational asthma [17]. More stringent criteria for IgE sensitisation... 

In practice, the ability to generate antibodies having particular properties from libraries is limited by the screen that is employed. Initial screens for affinity and/or specificity are used to reduce the number of potential hits from the initial hbrary of 10 ° to 10 -10 which must then be screened for a particular biological function. As delineated above, the (usually few) binders with a biological effect can then be affinity matured, such that affinity does not have to be an initial selection criterion. HuCAL thus provides a systematic means of screening large parts of sequence and... 

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