Aminoglycoside antibiotics Neomycin Streptomycin

The aminoglycoside antibiotics include streptomycin, neomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, tobramycin and kanamycin. They have a chemical structure of amino sugars joined by a glycoside... 

Scientists have identified biosynthetic gene clusters for many aminoglycoside antibiotics, including streptomycin, kanamycin, butirosin, neomycin and gentamicin. A full understanding of how these antibiotics work may enable scientists to get around the problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 

Aminoglycosidic antibiotics (Neomycin B, Streptomycin A) Strongly adsorbing proteins (lysozyme) [11]... 

The glycoside/aminoglycoside antibiotics, like the macrolides, exert a bacteriostatic effect due to selective inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis, with the exception of novobiocin (26). The compounds neomycin (27), spectinomycin (28) and streptomycin (29) bind selectively to the smaller bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, whilst lincomycin (30) binds to the larger 50S ribosomal subunit (cf. macrolides). Apramycin (31) has ribosomal binding properties, but the exact site is uncertain (B-81MI10802). Novobiocin (26) can inhibit nucleic acid synthesis, and also complexes magnesium ion, which is essential for cell wall stability. 

The aminoglycoside antibiotics streptomycin (Box 20-B),c d u v the neomycins,w paromomycin (see drawing below),c x z gentamycin,aa and kanamycin have one structural unit in common. They often bind to 16S ribosomal RNA in the decoding center. 

Aminoglycosides. Antibiotics in the aminoglycoside group characteristically contain amino sugars and deoxystreptamine or streptamine, This family of antibiotics has frequently been referred to as aminocyclitol aminoglycosides. Representative members are streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. These antibiotics all inhibit protein biosynthesis,... 

Scheme 11. The aminoglycoside antibiotics, typified by streptomycin (24), neomycin C (25), and spectinomycin (15)...

Antimicrobials. Aminoglycosides (neomycin, streptomycin, gentamicin), polypeptides (colistimethate sodium, polymyxin B) and perhaps the quinolones (e.g. ciprofloxacin) may cause postoperative breathing difficulty if they are instilled into the peritoneal or pleural cavities. It appears that the antibiotics both interfere with the release of acetylcholine and also have a competitive curarelike effect on the acetylcholine receptor. 

It is generally accepted that antibiotics that are important for systemic use should not be administered topically. This rule applies particularly to the aminoglycoside antibiotics. Even though neomycin and streptomycin are no longer often used systemically, the frequency of sensitization after topical administration of these drugs is particularly high. 

Aminoglycoside antibiotics contain amino sugars in their structure. Deoxystreptamine-containing members are neomycin, framycetin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin and sisomicin. Both streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin contain streptidine, whereas the aminocycli-... 

Examples of antibiotics that attack bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis at the ribosomal level include the following tetracycline antibiotics (e.g. chlortetracycline) aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g. neomycin, streptomycin) macrolide antibiotics (e.g. erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin) also chloramphenicol, fusidic acid and lincosamides (e.g. clindamycin). 

The remarkably successful clinical application of aminoglycoside antibiotics attracted the attention of many organic chemists. With his continuous interest in this field for more than 20 years, Sumio Umezawa accomplished the first total synthesis of many aminoglycosides, including paromamine,- neamine," trehalosamine, kanamycins A, B, and C, 2 butirosin B, tobramycin, " streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, and neomycins B and C. ... 

The discovery of streptomycin by Waksman introduced the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics, having as a mechanism of action the inhibition of protein synthesis. Among the commonly used aminoglycosides are neomycin (used topically), gentamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin. Although the clinical appearance of... 

The aminoglycoside antibiotics constitute an important category of antibacterial agents in the therapeutic armamentarium, e.g., streptomycins, neomycins, paramomycins, kanamycins, gentamycins and the corresponding derivatives of these antibiotics. 

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