Antibiotics, feed supplements

Use Medicine (antibiotic), feed supplement, preservative for raw fish. 

Veterinary Applications. Another use for antibiotics is for veterinary appHcations and for animal feed supplements to promote growth in Hvestock (see Feeds and feed additives). Feed antibiotics used in the United States far surpass all other agricultural appHcations in terms of kilogram quantities used and approach quantities used in human medicines (25). In 1980 the USA feed antibiotic usage was estimated to be between five and six million kg. The U.S. Council of Agricultural Science and Technology estimates that feed additives save the U.S. consumer approximately 3500 million per year in meat prices, and antibiotic use accounts for most of this. 

Antibiotics are used as antibacterial agents, anticancer agents, antituberculin agents, antifungal agents, antiviral agents, and in veterinary products and animal feed supplements for growth promotion. 

Figure 2 Examples of polyketides. Polyketides demonstrate a broad range of biological activities, including antibiotic (oxytetracycline and erythromycin), antitumor (doxorubicin and dynemicin), antiparasitic (avermectin), and immunosuppressive (FK506). Monensin is used as a bovine feed supplement and an anticoccidial agent.

Dramatic price reduction has come with improved production. For instance, a million-unit vial of penicillin (1667 units = 1 mg of potassium penicillin G) had a wholesale price of 200 in 1943. Today, a million units of potassium penicillin G sell for as little as 0.50 or approximately 20/kg of free acid. Cephalosporins sell for around 250/kg. Tetracyclines, used as animal feed supplements, sell for about 60/kg. The antibiotic market is over 12 billion, and volume continues to increase simultaneous with price drop. Cephalosporins, macrolides, penicillins, quinolones, and tetracyclines account for the majority of the sales of antibiotics. 

Uses Solvent for candy glazes process solvent for pectin, food prods., vitamins, hormones, yeasts, antibiotics, vaccines, medicinal chems. incl. alkaloids, pharmaceuticals, pill mfg., other chems. and prods. raw material for vinegar, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, other ethyl esters, syn. resins, animal feed supplements Regulatory FDA 27CFR 21.62 Trade Name Synonyms SDA-35A [Eastman http //WWW. eastman. com]... 

Some antibiotics are produced in batch fermentation tanks in the presence of a particular fungus or bacterium. The culture frequently is filtered from the medium and marketed in cake or liquid form as an animal feed supplement. The antibiotic is extracted from the culmre medium through the use of solvents, activated carbon, etc. The antibiotic is then washed to remove residual impurities, concentrated, filtered, and packaged. 

In connection with work on animal protein factors, it was found that chlortetracycline fermentation mash containing some vitamin Bi2 gave growth responses well above those obtained with supraoptimal levels of vitamin Bi2 alone. At the present time, both chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline are used extensively for growth stimulation and improvement of feed efficiency in poultry and hogs, and for the reduction of losses from certain disease conditions. Purified antibiotics as well as dried fermentation residues with the mycelium of Streptomyces aureofaciens are used for these purposes. Tetracyclines, used as animal feed supplements, are selling for about 60/kg. 

Supervisory process control, 20 668 Supplemental antibiotics, in ruminant feeds, 10 870... 

Effect Consuming of Antibiotic Supplemented Feeds on the Incidence of Resistant E. coli... 

A move away from antibiotics has therefore started. Bans and restrictions on antibiotics in animal feed have been implemented in many countries, while consumer demand for meat produced without the use of growth promoters has risen. However, there is a problem effective alternatives to antibiotics have been slow in reaching the market. Probiotic food supplements are seen as one solution to this problem (Flickinger et al., 2003). 

Boeck LD, Favret ME, Wetzel RW (1992) Biosynthesis of thiopeptide antibiotic A10255 in stirred reactors using a chemically defined medium supplemented with continuous nutrient feeds. J Antibiot 45 1278-1285... 

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