Antibiotics classification

Select Expectant in the case of full or partial thic body surface, or trauma which would either result severe but not immediately life threatening, such as and not necessarily subjectively reproducible. includes the probable requirements for antibiot classification does not suggest that the patient is nc not need immediate specialized care. tness bums coverings more than 18 % of the in significant infection or be categorized as a fractured femur. This is a clinical decision ics and transfusion at a later time. So this t in need of treatment, but rather that he does ... 

Antibiotics have a wide diversity of chemical stmctures and range ia molecular weight from neat 100 to over 13,000. Most of the antibiotics fall iato broad stmcture families. Because of the wide diversity and complexity of chemical stmctures, a chemical classification scheme for all antibiotics has been difficult. The most comprehensive scheme may be found ia reference 12. Another method of classifyiag antibiotics is by mechanism of action (5). However, the modes of action of many antibiotics are stiU unknown and some have mixed modes of action. Usually within a stmcture family, the general mechanism of action is the same. For example, of the 3-lactams having antibacterial activity, all appear to inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. 

A chemical classification of some of the commercially more important antibiotic families that is generally consistent with the scheme of reference 12, is given here (2). 

Mikes and Turkova have given a classification of naturally occurring hydroxamic acids in terms of their biological function or activity. They have distinguished (a) growth factors, e.g., ferri-chromes, mycobactin, and ferrioxamines, ferrichrysins, ferrirubins, etc. (6) antibiotics, e.g, aspergillic acid, mycelianamide, albomycin, nocardamine and (c) microbial pigments such as pulcherrimin. 

Hypersensitivity reactions with P-lactam antibiotics, especially penicillin, may encompass any of the type I through IV Gell-Coombs classifications. The most common reactions are maculopapular and urticarial eruptions.7 While rare (less than 0.05%), anaphylaxis to penicillins causes the greatest concern because they are responsible for the majority of drug-induced anaphylaxis deaths in patients, accounting for 75% of all ana-i phylaxis cases in the United States.5,8 The treatment of ana-I phylaxis is given in Table 51-2.9... 

TABLE 82-1. National Red Cross Wound Classification, Risk of Surgical Site Infection (SSI), and Antibiotic Indication6 24... 

Chloramphenicol was the first orally active, broad-spectrum antibiotic to be used in the clinic, and remains the only antibiotic which is marketed in totally synthetic form. Its initial popularity was dampened, and its utilization plummeted when it was found that some patients developed an irreversible aplastic anemia from use of the drug. Of the hundreds of analogues synthesized, none are significantly more potent or certain to be safer than chloramphenicol itself. Two analogues have been given generic names and fall into this chemical classification. It was found early in the game that activity was retained with p-substituents, and that... 

These examples illustrate the power of proper ANN feature space optimization. In all the examples discussed, the limits of the type of information that could be gleaned from the Salmonella PyMAB spectra were probed. The PD-ANN s automated optimization removed the issue of methodological uncertainty and enabled a focus on questions of Py-MAB-MS spectral information content and its potential use for rapid strain ID. Question Does Py-MAB-MS data support Serovar classification Answer Yes. How about PFGE classification Yes. How about antibiotic resistance profile Answer Perhaps, if one first eliminates stronger contributions to spectral variation and then, by design and grouping, limits the possibilities to only a few classes. 

The classification of antibiotics and the most popular antibiotic in its class are given in Table 6. Usually, the antibiotics excreted are partially metabolized and end up in sewage system. Some of the most commonly used antibiotics (e.g., sulfa drugs and p-lactam antibiotics) are difficult to biodegrade because of their complex structure, which protect them from the attack of wastewater biocoenosis. Moreover, the difficulty in biodegradation is also due to the lack of significant microorganism... 

Garland JL, Mills AL (1991) Classification and characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level sole-carbon-source utilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 2351-2359 Giuffre L, Piccolo G, Rosell R, Pascale C, Heredia OS, Ciarlo E (2001) Anthropogenic effect on soil organic phosphorus fractions in tropical ecosystems. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32 1621-1628 Gottlieb S (1976) The production and role of antibiotics in soil. J Antibiot 29 987-1000... 

The traditional classification system developed by the National Research Council (NRC) stratifying surgical procedures by infection risk is reproduced in Table 48-1. The NRC wound classification for a specific procedure is determined intraoperatively and is the primary determinant of whether antibiotic prophylaxis is warranted. 

Different classifications for the chiral CSPs have been described. They are based on the chemical structure of the chiral selectors and on the chiral recognition mechanism involved. In this chapter we will use a classification based mainly on the chemical structure of the selectors. The selectors are classified in three groups (i) CSPs with low-molecular-weight selectors, such as Pirkle type CSPs, ionic and ligand exchange CSPs, (ii) CSPs with macrocyclic selectors, such as CDs, crown-ethers and macrocyclic antibiotics, and (iii) CSPs with macromolecular selectors, such as polysaccharides, synthetic polymers, molecular imprinted polymers and proteins. These different types of CSPs, frequently used for the analysis of chiral pharmaceuticals, are discussed in more detail later. 

The 1998 FSIS/USDA monitoring program analyzed approximately 7800 samples for antibiotics. Of that total, only 38 violative samples were detected in 37 animals, across all classes of animals (Table 12.2). Horses accounted for 21 of the 38 violative samples. This result shows that there was a very low frequency of violative samples, 0.21% for all classifications other than horses (USDA, 1998). 

Medical devices may be assisted in their function by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, but as soon as these means are not any more ancillary with respect to the principal purpose of a product, the product becomes a medicinal product. The claims made for a product, in accordance with its method of action may, in this context, represent an important factor for its classification as MD or medicinal product. Examples of MDs incorporating a medicinal substance with ancillary action include catheters coated with heparin or an antibiotic, bone cements containing antibiotic and blood bags containing anticoagulant. ... 

Drags used to treat cancer are subdivided into six groups antimetabolites, alkylating agents, antibiotics, drags isolated from plants, hormones, and a group of substances not included in the classifications listed above, which are examined in another section. 

Antibiotics can be classified according to their effects on the biochemistry or molecular biology of pathogens. There are ribosomal inhibitors (macrolides), cell wall disrupters 0-lactams), DNA disturbers (fluoroquinolones), and metabolic poisons (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole). Antibiotics also can be classified according to whether they are static (inhibitory) or cidal (lethal). The classification of drugs as either static or cidal is based on laboratory assessment of the interaction of pathogen and antibiotic drug. 

Figure 1.6 Number of antibiotic prescriptions per 1000 inhabitants per antibiotic anatomical therapeutic chemical (ATC) classification in 13 European countries in 1997. In parentheses are the ATCs used by the WHO. Tet = tetracyclines, Pen = penicillin, Ex-Pen = extended-spectrum penicillins, B-Lac = (3-lactamase-sensitive penicillins. Cep = cephalosporins, TMP = trimethoprim (alone or in combination), Mac + Lin = macrolides and lincosamides, Mac = macrolides, Lin = lincosamides. Ami = aminoglycosides, and Qui = quinolone. The 13 countries are SP = Spain, GR = Greece, BG = Belgium, PR = Prance, PL = Portugal, IT = Italy, PI = Pinland, UK = United Kingdom, DE = Denmark, AU = Austria, GE = Germany, SW = Switzerland, and NL = Netherlands. (Based on data from Molstad et al., 2002.)...

A more conventional classification of antibiotics is based on targets or mechanisms of action, categorizing antibiotics into five main groups ... 

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