Anti infective effect

Hron P. Hydrophilisation of silicone rubber for medical applications. Polym Int, 2003, 52, 1531-1539. Tcholakian RK and Raad. Durability of anti-infective effect of long term silicone sheath catheters impregnated with antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 2001, 45(7), 1990-1993. 

Piperacillin- tazobactam In vitro anti-infective effect of piperacillin-tazobactam (PIP-TZB) combinations on Escherichia coli showed through a PK/PD model that for these combinations, three-times-a-day administration is as effective as four times a day. Pharmacodynamic activity of the combinations can be prolonged by sufficiently high inhibitor concentrations... 

Detoxifying and anti-infectant effects of squalene itself have not been reported yet. However, substances including squalene or squalene supplementation showed notable improvements. Further researches to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of shark liver oil and squalene application are expected to report more results that promote squalene and squalane as effective candidates for practical and clinical use. 

Fnrthermore, NCD has also demonstrated a promise for reducing bacterial infection, which is highly desired for orthopedic implant materials because invasive surgery is inevitably associated with infection. A preliminary study compared the number of Escherichia coli colonized on NCD, stainless steel and titanium, and showed that NCD has the highest bacterial resistance [119]. This possible anti-infection effect is highly desirable for orthopedic implants and, thus, should be further studied. 

Specific biological activity of carboxylic acids peroxide derivatives in compaiison with their oxidation ability and ionization degree in aqueous solutions has been considered. Peroxyoctanoic, diperoxynonandioic and diperoxydecandioic acids give the most intense bactericidal effect among researched cai boxylic acids peroxide derivatives. The perspectives of use of the aliphatic middle-chain peracid C8-C9 as anti-infective agents have been discussed. 

The sulfonamides (sulfa) drug s were the first antibiotic dragp developed that effectively treated infections. Although the use of sulfonamides began to decline after the introduction of more effective anti-infectives, such as the penicillins and other antibiotics, these drug s still remain important for the treatment of certain types of infections. 

The lincosamides, another group of anti-infectives, are effective against many gram-positive organisms, such as streptococci and staphylococci. However, because of their high potential for toxicity, the lincosamides are usually used only for the treatment of serious infections in which penicillin or erythromycin (a macrolide) is not effective... 

MANAGING DIARRHEA. Diarrhea may be a sign of a superinfection or pseudomembranous colitis, both of which are adverse reactions tiiat may be seen with the administration of any anti-infective. The nurse checks each stool and reports any changes in color or consistency. When vancomycin is given as part of the treatment for pseudomembranous colitis, it is important to record the color and consistency of each stool to determine the effectiveness of therapy. 

Trimethoprim (Trimpex) interferes with the ability of bacteria to metabolize folinic acid, thereby exerting bacteriostatic activity. Trimethoprim is used for UTIs that are caused by susceptible microorganisms. Trimethoprim administration may result in rash, pruritus, epigastric distress, nausea, and vomiting. When trimethoprim is combined with sulfamethoxazole (Septra), the adverse effects associated with a sulfonamide may also occur. The adverse reactions seen with other anti-infectives, such as ampicillin, the sulfonamides, and cephalosporins, are given in their appropriate chapters. 

Yamashita reported anti-inflammatory effect of astaxanthin when administered with aspirin. An oral preparation has been developed by Alejung and Wadstroem for the treatment of Helicobacter infections of the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. Strong evidence suggested that astaxanthin modulated the humoral and non-humoral immune systems. It enhanced the release of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-... 

The application of a mild topical corticosteroid, such as hydrocortisone, is effective in patients presenting with multiple mosquito bites. Paracetamol, which is an antipyretic agent is not indicated in mosquito bites. Fusidic acid cream is an anti-infective agent and is indicated if the mosquito bites have been scratched and there is risk of infection. Benzocaine (anaesthetic) and mepyramine (antihistamine) may relieve itchiness but are less effective in multiple mosquito bites than hydrocortisone. 

Clinical success rates and attrition rates by phase of clinical trial for new drugs are important indicators of how effectively companies are utilising drug development resources. The proficiency with which this is done reflects a complex set of regulatory, economic and company-specific factors. Success rates differ by therapeutic class, and t)q)ically vary from about 28% success rate for an anti-infective compound to 12% for respiratory drugs. Table 9.3 shows the details. 

Er hromycin Sulfisoxazole (Eryzole, Pediazole) [Anti-infective, Macrolide/Sulfonamide] Uses Upper lower resp tract bacterial Infxns H. influenzae otitis media in children Infxns in PCN-allergic pts Action Macrolide antibiotic w/ sulfonamide Dose Adults. Based on erythromycin content 400 mg erythromycin/1200 mg sulfisoxazole PO q6h Feds > 2 mo. 40-50 mg/kg/d erythromycin 150 mg/kg/d sulfisoxazole PO -s- q6h max 2 g/d erythromycin or 6 g/d sulfisoxazole x 10 d in renal impair Caution [C (D if near term), +] w/ PO anticoagulants, hypoglycemics, phenytoin, cyclosporine Contra Infants <2 mo Disp Susp SE GI upset Additional Interactions T Effects of sulfonamides W/ ASA, diuretics, NSAIDs, probenecid EMS See Erythromycin OD See Erythromycin... 

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