Anthraquinones chrysophanic acid

Semple S J, Pyke SM, Reynolds GD, Flower RL (2001) In vitro antiviral activity of the anthraquinone chrysophanic acid against poliovirus. Antiviral Res 49(3) 169-178... 

In 1975, a group of Depaetment of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA confirmed an anthraquinone chrysophanic acid (chrysophanol. 53) and euparone (2,5-diacetyl-6-hydroxybenzofuran. 52) (Figure 17) from ethanol extraction of the dried powdered roots of Ruscus aculeatus L. by silica gel G thin-layer chromatography [21, 51],... 

Cassia alata L. Dui Ye Dou (Ringworm bush) (whole plant) Fatty acids, aloe-emodin, rhein chrysarobin, chrysophanic acid, oxymethyl anthraquinone, rutin, isochaksine, quercetin.48-450-510 Improve night vision, migraines, astringent, purgative. 

Cassia siamea Lam. Tie Dao Mu (leaf, flower, fruit) Chrysophanic acid, chrysarobin, oxymethyl anthraquinone.60 A tonic to relieve stomach pains. 

N.A. Chrysophanic acid, anthraquinones, lecithin.99 Mildly sedative, nourishes the blood, a tonic. 

The aloe latex or aloe juice is obtained from the yellow latex of peri cyclic cells found beneath the epidermis (Swanson, 1995). It is dried to yield a solid material called "aloe" that contains anthraquinones (Leung, 1980). The specific constituents of the latex include barbaloin, which is metabolized to the laxative aloe-emodin (Leung, 1980 Blumenthal, 1998), iso-barbaloin, chrysophanic acid (Leung, 1980), and aloin (Blumenthal, 1998). The term "aloin" also refers to a crystalline, concentrated form of the dried latex (aloe). 

Natural quinones also exert antiviral activity against other viruses, such as the Epstein-Barr virus and poliovirus type 2 and 3 [163-165], For example, chrysophanic acid (l,8-dihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone) isolated from the Australian Aboriginal medicinal plant Dianella longifolia Street has been found to inhibit the replication of poliovirus type 2 and 3 in vitro. Four structurally-related anthraquinones (rhein, Fig. (5), 1,8-... 

Anthraquinones have been reported to be the main active components in Cassia tora, including aloe-emodin, anthrone, aurantiobtusin, chrysophanic acid,... 

Four structurally-related anthraquinones - rhein, 1,8-dihydroxyanlhraquinone, etnodin (3-methyl-l,6,8-trihydroxyanlhraquinone) and aloe-emodin were also tested for activity against poliovirus type 3 (Semple et al. 2001). None of the four compounds was as active as chrysophanic add against the virus. The results suggested that two hydrophobic positions on the chrysophanic acid molecule (C-6 and the methyl group attached to C-3) were important for the compound s activity against poliovirus (Semple et al. 2001). 

Chrysophanol, l,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione, an anthraquinone, occurs in the free state and as a glucoside in various plants, notably Aloe species and Rheum species. It is listed by many sources as synonymous with chrysophanic acid Merck Index, 1996 WHO, 1999) and is listed by the Colour Index (1971) as Cl 75400. 

Chinese rhubarb also contains a trace amount of volatile oil consisting of 100 constituents, including chrysophanic acid and other anthraquinones, diisobutyl phthal-ate, cinnamic acid, phenylpropionic acid, and ferulic acid, but no /i-hydroxycinnamic, caffeic, or quinic acid. In a recent report, the stalks of uncooked R. rhabar-barum yielded 59 volatile monoterepene alcohols, aldehydes, and acids to which the characteristic odor of rhubarb is largely attributed. ... 

Indian rhubarb and garden rhubarb have been much less extensively investigated than Chinese rhubarb. Indian rhubarb is reported to contain tannins and anthraglycosides, many of which are probably the same as those of Chinese rhubarb. Garden rhubarb has been reported to contain chrysophanic acid (probably also its glucosides) but not the other anthraquinones or sennosides found in Chinese rhubarb it contains rhaponticin not present in Chinese or Indian rhubarb (martindale nanjing stahl). ... 

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