Cerebral energy metabolism

While the extent of the demands on cerebral energy metabolism of neurotransmitter reuptake is still somewhat controversial, it contributes substantially to the... 

Miller, A. L. Carbon dioxide narcosis. In D. W. McCandless (ed.) Cerebral Energy Metabolism and Metabolic Encephalopathy. New York Plenum Press, 1985, pp. 143-162. 

Pietz, J., Rupp, A., Ebinger, F. et al. Cerebral energy metabolism in phenylketonuria findings by quantitative in vivo 31P MR spectroscopy, Pediatr. Res. 53 654-662,2003. 

Energy metabolism has been studied extensively in skeletal muscle, and several metabolic disorders have been documented [1, 4]. Comparatively less is known about metabolic defects in cerebral energy metabolism. This may be because muscle tissue is more accessible for biochemical analysis and because certain cerebral enzyme defects are lethal. 

MacMillan, V.H. 1989. Cerebral energy metabolism in cyanide encephalopathy. Jour. Cerebral Blood Flow Metabol. 9 156-162. 

Diaz-Parejo P, Stahl N, Xu W, Reinstrup P, Ungerstedt U, et al. 2003. Cerebral energy metabolism during transient hyperglycemia in patients with severe brain trauma. Intensive Care Med 29(4) 544-550. 

Nordstrom CH. 2003. Assessment of critical thresholds for cerebral perfusion pressure performing bedside monitoring of cerebral energy metabolism. Neurosurg Focus... 

E. O. Reynolds and D. R. Wilkie, Cerebral energy metabolism studied with phosphorus NMR spectroscopy in normal and birth-asphyxiated infants. Lancet, 1984, 2,366-370. 

R. M. Blumberg, E. B. Cady, J. S. Wigglesworth, J. E. McKenzie and A. D. Edwards, Relation between delayed impairment of cerebral energy metabolism and infarction following transient focal hypoxia-ischaemia in the developing brain. Exp. Brain Res., 1997,113,130-137. 

Y. Handa, T. Kubota, A. Tsuchida, M. Kaneko, H. Caner, H. Kobayashi and T. Kubota, Effect of systemic hypotension on cerebral energy metabolism during chronic cerebral vasospasm in primates. /. Neurosurg., 1993, 78,112-119. 

Rao K. V. and Norenberg M. D. (2001). Cerebral energy metabolism in hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia. Metab Brain Dis. 16 67-78. 

Thornton JS, Ordidge RJ, Penrice J, Cady EB, Amess PN, Pun-wani S, Clemence M, Wyatt JS (1998) Temporal and anatomical variations of brain water apparent diffusion coefficient in perinatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic injury relationships to cerebral energy metabolism. Magn Reson Med 39 920-927... 

Mamelak, M. Neurodegeneration, Sleep, and Cerebral Energy Metabolism A Testable... 

Mamelak, M. Neurodegeneration, Sleep, and Cerebral Energy Metabolism A Testable Hypothesis. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 10 (1) (1997) 29-32. 

Macmillan, V. (1975). The effects of acute carbon monoxide intoxication on the cerebral energy metabolism of the rat. Can. 

Blennow G, Brierley JB, Meldrum BS, Siesjo BK. Epileptic brain damage The role of systemic factors that modify cerebral energy metabolism. Brain. 1978 101 687-700. 

Protection from hypoxia in fasted animals (mildly ketotic) resulted in improved survival time and a reduction in lactic acid prodnction without a generalized redaction in cerebral energy metabolism. It was snggested that this protection was dne to... 

Feise G, Kogure K, Busto R, Scheinberg P, Reinmuth O. Effect of insulin hypoglycemia upon cerebral energy metabolism and EEG activity in the rat. Brain Res 1976. 126 263-280 Harris Rl, Wieloch T, Symon L, Siesjo BK. Cerebral extracellular calcium activity in severe hypoglycemia Relation to extracellular potassium and energy state. J Cereb Blood Elow Metab 1984. 4 187-193... 

Teschan PE Arieff AI. (1985). Uremic and dialysis encephalopathies. In Cerebral Energy Metabolism and Metabolic Encephalopathy, ed. McCandless DW, pp. 263-285. Plenum, New York. 

Alteration in mental status occurring in patients with systanic sepsis always carries a serious prognosis. The mechanisms of impaired brain function are poorly understood and are probably multifactorial. Considerations include hypoxia, ischemia, mitochondrial dysfunction and anaerobic cerebral energy metabolism, blood-brain barrier dysfunction or impaired transporter function, cerebral edema, toxins like ammonia or endotoxins, and last but not least, clinical use of cerebral depressants and sedatives in severely ill patients. In patients with multi-organ failure, clearance of common short-acting sedatives can become prolonged, resulting in severe and protracted alteration of mentation. 

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have found no evidence of abnormal cerebral energy metabolism in patients with diet-restriction-treated galactosemia (Wang et al., 2001 Moller et al., 1995). 

Nahorski, S. R., and Rogers, K. J., 1975, The role of catecholamines in the action of amphetamine and L-dopa on cerebral energy metabolism. Neuropharmacology 14 283-290. 

Simpson, A.I., Carruthers, A., and Vannucci, J.S., 2007. Supply and demand in cerebral energy metabolism the role of nutrient transporters. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 27 1766-1791. 

Ginkgo leaf extract has vascular tone-regulating properties, an antihypoxic effect, experimental inhibitory activity in cerebral edema, and neurotoxicity modulates cerebral energy metabolism free radical scavenging properties inhibits lipid peroxidation of membranes, helping to maintain integrity and permeability of cell walls antiasthmatic, bronchodilator, and so on. (wren). 

In the appearance and development mechanism of the Alzheimer s disease, the presence of apolipoprotein Ee4 allele (ApoE4) seems to play a major role. The evaluation test was designed for a period of 24 weeks on serum P-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration, apolipoprotein-E4 status and cognitive performance in MCI subjects (Rebello et al., 2015). The consumption of 56 g/day of MCT oil seems to have a positive effect on the memory of people with negative or positive ApoE4 status, based on the increased concentration of BHB proving that ketones are able to offset the effects of the cerebral energy metabolism. 

---