Analyzing the problem

Let us assume that we are looking for new ideas regarding power generators with diesel engines, and all our examples will be related to this problem. The most important magic question is why This should be asked in various forms and many times until sufficient, but only sufficient answers come. In the case of our example, we could formulate such questions as 

We could also use a little more inspiring questions like why so and what if In the first case, we could formulate a question like 

Why is it that only diesel fuel must be used  

In the second case, such a question could be formulated  

What will happen if we replace diesel fuel with vegetable oil  

---

Theory of the fictitious temperature field allows us to analyze the problems of residual stresses in glass using the mathematical apparatus of thermoelasticity. In this part we formulate the boundary-value problem for determining the internal stresses. We will Lheretore start from the Duhamel-Neuinan relations... 

The positively charged allyl cation would be expected to be the electron acceptor in any initial interaction with ethylene. Therefore, to consider this reaction in terms of frontier orbital theory, the question we need to answer is, do the ethylene HOMO and allyl cation LUMO interact favorably as the reactants approach one another The orbitals that are involved are shown in Fig. 1.27. If we analyze a symmetrical approach, which would be necessary for the simultaneous formation of the two new bonds, we see that the symmetries of the two orbitals do not match. Any bonding interaction developing at one end would be canceled by an antibonding interaction at the other end. The conclusion that is drawn from this analysis is that this particular reaction process is not favorable. We would need to consider other modes of approach to analyze the problem more thoroughly, but this analysis indicates that simultaneous (concerted) bond formation between ethylene and an allyl cation to form a cyclopentyl cation is not possible. 

When you see a synthesis problem for the first time, you are not expected to immediately know the answer. I cannot stress this enough. It is so common for students to get overly anxious when they see synthesis problems that they cannot solve. Get used to it. This is the way it is supposed to be. Going back to our chess analogy, you don t need to make a move as soon as it is your turn. You are allowed to think about it first. In fact, you are supposed to think about it first. So, how do you begin thinking about a multistep synthesis problem where you do not immediately see the solution The most powerful technique is called retro synthetic analysis. This means that you analyze the problem backward. Let s see how this works with an example ... 

Analyze the problem from the molecular perspective. Begin by identifying the major species present. Then identify the equilibria in which these ions participate. 

The determination of the electronic structure of lanthanide-doped materials and the prediction of the optical properties are not trivial tasks. The standard ligand field models lack predictive power and undergoes parametric uncertainty at low symmetry, while customary computation methods, such as DFT, cannot be used in a routine manner for ligand field on lanthanide accounts. The ligand field density functional theory (LFDFT) algorithm23-30 consists of a customized conduct of nonempirical DFT calculations, extracting reliable parameters that can be used in further numeric experiments, relevant for the prediction in luminescent materials science.31 These series of parameters, which have to be determined in order to analyze the problem of two-open-shell 4f and 5d electrons in lanthanide materials, are as follows. 

When analyzing the problem from the geographical standpoint, considering recent data, it is evident that the greatest growth in human illness linked to the immoderate use of pesticides is seen in Moldavia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan [1]. 

In summary then, one should analyze the problem at systems level prior to model selection based on entry characteristics and environmental dynamics of the pollutant. Experience suggests that it is better to rely on intuition and a few calculations than to construct a formal logical decision tree for guiding this process. Often, the compartment screening models are helpful at this stage. Characterization of the sources, the environment and the fate properties is an essential prerequisite to any procedure. 

E.H. Hurst s overview introduced several themes pursued by other chemical industry speakers. The Dow Chemical Company s E.H. Blair analyzed the problem of setting priorities for testing the 55,000 existing chemicals listed in the TSCA inventory for their effects on health and the environment. Resources for such testing are not unlimited. A systematic classification was made of these substances by production volume. The 9.5% of these substances which account for 99.9% of reported production were divided further into categories such as organic, inorganic, and polymeric. 

Make sure your answer is reasonable. Analyze the problem don t just write a number down from your calculator. Be sure to check your number of significant figures. 

To calculate the closure temperature of any point in a mineral without carrying out the full forward numerical calculations, Dodson (1986) analyzed the problems for different effective shapes systematically and modified his closure temperature equation for the whole minerals slightly to apply to individual points. His formulation is by adding a correction term to Equation 5-75b. This correction term will be referred to as gi in this book and another correction term by Ganguly and Tirone (1999, 2001) will be referred to as g2- The formulation of Dodson (1986) for the calculation of closure temperature at every point of a profile is... 

Consider a recent disagreement in which you were directly involved. Write a paragraph or two analyzing the problem from the other party s point of view. Then consider ways in which the disagreement might have been avoided. 

Ya.B. analyzes the problem of penetration of reacting substances into the granules. He shows that, together with the well-known extreme cases of reaction throughout the entire volume of the granule and reaction restricted to the granule s surface, there is an important intermediate region of pa-... 

The dimensional-analysis method and the use of ballpark checks are techniques that will help you solve problems of many kinds, not just unit conversions. Problems sometimes seem complicated, but you can usually sort out the complications by analyzing the problem properly ... 

McKean 182> considered the matrix shifts and lattice contributions from a classical electrostatic point of view, using a multipole expansion of the electrostatic energy to represent the vibrating molecule and applied this to the XY4 molecules trapped in noble-gas matrices. Mann and Horrocks 183) discussed the environmental effects on the IR frequencies of polyatomic molecules, using the Buckingham potential 184>, and applied it to HCN in various liquid solvents. Decius, 8S) analyzed the problem of dipolar vibrational coupling in crystals composed of molecules or molecular ions, and applied the derived theory to anisotropic Bravais lattices the case of calcite (which introduces extra complications) is treated separately. Freedman, Shalom and Kimel, 86) discussed the problem of the rotation-translation levels of a tetrahedral molecule in an octahedral cell. 

After analyzing the problem in terms of overall strategy, present the synthesis in detail showing the reagents required in each step. Thus, the answer is ... 

The drag-removal melting mechanism was discovered and mathematically modeled by Tadmor (27) in connection to melting in SSEs (see Section 9.3). It was further rehned, experimentally, verihed, and formulated as a self-contained computer package by Tadmor et al. (28-31). Later Vermeulen et al. (32), and Sundstrom and Lo (26) and Sundstrom and Young (33) analyzed the problem both experimentally and theoretically Mount (34) measured experimental rates of melting, and Pearson (35) analyzed the theoretical problem mathematically in detail, as shown in Fig. 5.12. In this section we follow Pearson s discussion. 

I believe it is possible to determine the answers to these questions but it will be necessary to analyze the problems systematically and on an interrelated basis. 

In analyzing the problem of the structure sensitivity of a reaction catalyzed by Pd catalysts, it is convenient to classify the reactions in terms of the temperature range in which the reactions proceed and/or in which Pd catalysts were pretreated in H2. The effects of reaction (pretreatment) temperature and the presence of hydrogen in a reaction system should be treated as follows ... 

Over the past decade, SCFT was often applied to analyze the problem of particle dispersion in polymers (thermodynamics of nanocomposites). Vaia and Giannelis (1997a, 1997b) formulated a simple version of SCFT... 

The diagram for this problem is shown in the sketch. Because the room is large it may be treated as a blackbody also. We shall analyze the problem by calculating the heat transfer for each wavelength band and then adding them together to obtain the total. The network for each band is a modification of Fig. 8-60, as shown below for black furnace and room. We shall make the calculation for unit area then... 

A recently reported case (37) presented for determination the question of whether what is obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art is to be determined as of the time the invention was made, as specified in 35 U.S.C. 103, or whether it is to be determined as of some later date when the application is filed. In analyzing the problem and reversing the lower tribunal, the court concluded (44) that .. . 35 U.S.C. 103 is very specific in requiring that a rejection on the grounds the invention would have been obvious must be based on a comparison of the prior art and the subject matter as a whole at the time the invention was made ... 

---