Analyzers water quality monitoring

Clevett KJ (ed.) (1986) Water quality monitoring. In Process Analyzer Technology, pp. 506-557 and pp. 579-587. New York Wiley. 

A water quality analyzer may be as simple as a probe inserted into the water and connected to a conveniently located recorder or as complex as a data collection system with multiple sensors distributed in several locations and provided with wired or wireless connection to a centralized data-com-piling system. Trace concentrations of components are monitored in drinking, industrial, and ultrapure water. 

Ion chromatography is not only used to monitor the water quality, but also to analyze a variety of process liquors that are employed in the manufacture of printed circuit boards. This includes cleansers, palladium-based activators, and various electroplating baths such as acidic and electroless copper baths, tin/lead baths, electrolytical nickel baths, and gold baths. The analytical chemistry of the key substances contained in these baths is described in detail in the preceding chapter. 

Extensive monitoring of drinking water quality from the public water supply in the Czech Republic showed the cadmium concentrations up to 200 p,g/l (geometric mean, 0.1 p.g/1). More than 60% of the 785 analyzed samples of the drinking water was below the tenth of the limit value for cadmium (5 p.g/1), and only 1.6% exceeded that value (National Institute of Public Health in Prague, 1997). 

Drinking water and humidity condensate samples collected from U.S. Space Shuttle and the Russian Mir Space Stations are analyzed routinely at the NASA-Johnson Space Center as a means of verifying water quality and monitoring the environment of the spacecraft. Anions and cations were determined by ion chromatography whereas carboxylates and amines were determined by CE (phthalate/TTAB for carboxylates and imidazole/HIBA for amines). Results showed that Shuttle water is of distilled quality whereas Mir-recovered water contains various levels of minerals. Organic ions were rarely detected in potable water samples but were present in humidity condensates. 

Presented study is based on laboratory analyzes of various water quality parameters obtained by Central Water Quality Laboratory in Cracow Water Company. The analyzes were results of regular control monitoring procedures made by the company as well as additional study carried out within the framework of the project supported by Polish State Committee for Scientific Research under the contract No. 5T07E 044 25. 

Presented predictive models of chloroform concentration in drinking water delivered to consumer have not only scientific but also practical meaning. The use of them in monitoring process allows to decrease costs of laboratory analyzes. Considered models have acceptable determination coefficient about 52% because they are based on data collected in normal exploitation conditions of water supply system, during obligatory monitoring of treated and drinking water quality. 

Steam system. Clean steam is used for all equipment that comes into contact with containers, solution, or closures prior to product assembly. Pure steam is produced by a generator fed by deionized water. Steam traps are installed to collect condensate when necessary. The quality of pure steam condensate is the same as water for injection. The quality of pure steam is monitored through a quality analyzer system that measures the conductivity of condensed pure steam. 

One of the most common laboratory techniques for determining the concentration of a solute is titration. Titrations are used daily to monitor water purity and blood composition, and for quality control in the food industry. The solution being analyzed is called the analyte, and a known volume is transferred into a flask. Then a solution containing a known concentration of reactant is measured into the flask from a narrow calibrated cylinder called a buret until all the analyte has reacted (Fig. L.2). The solution in the buret is called the titrant, and the difference between the initial and final volume readings of the buret tells us the volume of titrant that has drained into the flask. The determination of concentration or amount by measuring volume is called volumetric analysis. 

---