Amperometric glucose electrodes based

JOnsson, G., Gorton, L., An Amperometric Glucose Electrode Based on Adsorbed Glucose Oxidase on Palladium/Gold Modified Graphite , Anal. Lett. 20 (1987) 839-855. 

Amperometric glucose electrodes based on glucose oxidase, chemical or electrochemical steps, 124-125 Amperometric glucose sensors glucose oxidase and nonphysiological redox mediators, electron-transfer mechanism, 169-170 poly(etheramine-quinone)s as electron transfer relay systems, 124-135 viologen derivative containing polysiloxane as electron-transfer mediator, 169-178... 

H. Tang, J. Chen, S. Yao, L. Nie, G. Deng, and Y. Kuang, Amperometric glucose biosensor based on adsorption of glucose oxidase at platinum nanoparticle-modified carbon nanotube electrode. Anal. Biochem. 331, 89-97 (2004). 

R. Garjonyte and A. Malinauskas, Amperometric glucose biosensors based on Prussian blue and polyaniline glucose oxidase modified electrodes, Biosens. Bioelectron., 15 (2000) 445-451. 

Su, L., Qiu, X. P., Guo, L. H., Zhang, F. H. and Tung, C. H. (2004), Amperometric glucose sensor based on enzyme-modified boron-doped diamond electrode by cross-linking method. Sensor Actuator B, 99(2-3) 499-504. 

Amperometric glucose biosensors based on co-immobiUzation of GOx with [Os(bpy)2(4-VP)ioCl]Cl in electrochemically generated polyphenol film [72]. A bilayer electrode in which Os-pol3nmer is first adsorbed on a Pt electrode and then electrochemically deposited on polyphenol-GOx fihn showed sensitivity of 1.63-1.79 /jA/cm /mM to 20 mM glucose at 0.4 V and 6-7 mM. Low background current and less interference by common electroactive compounds were noted. 

Amperometric glucose biosensor based on electro-deposited Mn02/MWNTs electrode has been reported by Chen et al. At an applied potential of +0.30 V, the Mn02/MWNTs electrode gives a linear dependence (R = 0.995) for glucose concentration up to 28 mM with sensitivity of 33.19 pA mM"1. In addition, interference from the oxidation of common interfering species such as ascorbic acid, dopamine, and uric acid has been investigated. [108],... 

Figure 4-12 Design of amperometric enzyme electrode based on anodic detection of hydrogen peroxide generated from oxidase enzymatic reaction (e.g., glucose oxidase) (A), and expanded view of the sensing surface showing the different membranes and electrochemical process that yield the anodic current proportional to the substrate concentration in the sample (B). (From Meyerhoff N, New in vitro analytical approaches for clinical chemistry measurements in critical care. Clin Chem I990 36 I570.)...

Gorton, L, Bremle, G., Gsoregi, E., Jdnsson-Pettersson, G., and Persson, B. (1991) Amperometric glucose sensors based on immobilized glucose-oxidizing enzymes and chemically modified electrodes. Analytica Chimica Acta, 249, 43-54. 

As was mentioned earlier, negatively charged CNTs can act as counterions in the electrochemical deposition of ECPs [19]. This straightforward method has been used for preparation of amperometric enz mie electrodes via entrapment of the enz3mie in the resulting ECP-CNT composite [63, 64]. Wang et al. developed amperometric glucose biosensors based on the PPy-MWCNT-GOD composite [63]. The composite was prepared by a simple one-step electrochemical method in which p3U role was electropolymerized at a constant potential of 0.7 V in the presence of c-MWCNTs and GOD. Results from the CV measurements showed that the incorporated c-MWCNTs act as counterions that maintain the electrical neutrality of the film. The influence of different parameters, such as the amount of the used MWCNTs, and the... 

Figure 10.12 A two electrode set-up used for an amperometric glucose biosensor based on poly(o-amino benzoic acid). Each electrode consists of two screen-printed tracks of Ag paste. On one of the tracks, Ag/AgCl (reference electrode) was printed and on the other, a PAB/GOD complex was adsorbed (working electrode). The non working area...

Wu, B.Y., et al. Amperometric glucose biosensor based on multilayer films via layer-by-layer self-assembly of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, gold nanopaiticles and glucose oxidase on the Pt electrode. Biosens. Bioelectron. 22(12), 2854—2860 (2007)... 

Pravda, M., Adeyoju, O., Iwuoha, E.I., Vos, J.G., Smyth, M.R., and Vytfas, K. (1995) Amperometric glucose biosensors based on an osmium(2-l-/3-l-) redox polymer-mediated electron transfer at carbon paste electrodes. Electroanalysis, 7, 619-625. 

Chi Q, Dong S (1993) Flow-injection analysis of glucose at an amperometric glucose sensor based on electrochemical codeposition of palladium and glucose oxidase on a glassy carbon electrode. Anal. Chim. Acta. 278 17-23. 

Amperometric ucose electrodes based on glucose oxidase undergo several chemical or electrochemical steps which produce a measurable current is related to the ucose concentration. In the initial steps, ucose converts the oxidized flavin adenine dimicleotide (FAD) center of die enzyme into its reduced form (FADH2). Because these redox centers are essentially electrical insulated within the enzyme molecule, direct electron transfer to the surface of a conventional electrode does not occur to any measurable d ree. The most common methodi of indirect measuring die amount of ucose present relies on the natural enzymatic reaction ... 

Amperometric glucose sensers based on glucose oxidase and non-physiological redox mediators use the following mechanism to shuttle electrons between the reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide center of the enzyme (FADH2) and the electrode ... 

Polasek M, Gorton L, Appelqvist R, Markovarga G, Johansson G. Amperometric glucose sensor based on glucose dehydrogenase immobilized on a graphite electrode modified with an N,N -bis(benzophenoxazinyl) derivative of benzene-1,4-dicarboxamide. Anal ChimActa 1991 246 283-292. 

Enzyme electrodes with amperometric indication have certain advantages over potentiometric sensors, chiefly because the product of the enzymic reaction is consumed at the electrode and thus the response time is decreased. For this reason, the potentiometric glucose enzyme electrode, based on reaction (8.1) followed by the reaction of HjO, with iodide ions sensed by an iodide ISE [39], has not found practical use. 

There are several species in this reaction that can be used for electrochemical sensing. Detection of proton released from the gluconic acid was used in the poten-tiometric glucose electrode (Section 6.2.1). The amperometric sensor can be based on oxidation of hydrogen peroxide, on reduction of oxygen, or on the oxidation of the reduced form of glucose oxidase itself. 

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