Tetrakis- -ammonium hydroxide

Tetrakis[phosphorus(III) chloride] nickel is a pale yellow crystalline solid at room temperature and becomes colorless on cooling to about — 30°. This compound is stable in air when dry and unreactive with water at room temperature for a period of several days. It reacts slowly in the cold with dilute acids and with concentrated sulfuric or hydrochloric acid, but reacts rapidly in hot acid solutions. The compound reacts rapidly with ammonium hydroxide but more slowly with sodium hydroxide.1 It is reported that no decomposition occurs below 120° when the solid is heated, but that at higher temperatures the solid is decomposed and phosphorus (III) chloride is liberated 1 however, decomposition at 80° has been observed. Tetrakis[phos-phorus(III) chloride] nickel appears to be nonvolatile. 

New synthetic routes have therefore been developed in order to improve the purity of the precipitates. Thus pure tetrakis complexes (see fig. 55, bottom) could be isolated using ligand 57 in ethanol with a large excess of sodium ions in slightly basic conditions (method D, table 12), whereas method B seems to be the more appropriate synthetic way to obtain pure trimeric complexes. Pure tris complexes could not be isolated however mixtures with up to 75% of tris complex could be obtained by using as little ammonium hydroxide as possible and a mixture of dichloromethane and water as biphasic solvent (improved A method). 

Quantitative risk assessments have been performed on a variety of flame-retardants used both in upholstered furniture fabric and foam. The National Research Council performed a quantitative risk assessment on 16 chemicals (or chemical classes) identified by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). The results were published in 2000.88 The 16 flame-retardants included in this NRC study were HBCD, deca-BDE, alumina trihydrate, magnesium hydroxide, zinc borate, calcium and zinc molybdates, antimony trioxide, antimony pentoxide and sodium antimonate, ammonium polyphosphates, phosphonic acid, (3- [hydroxymethyl]amino -3-oxopropyl)-dimethylester, organic phosphonates, tris (monochloropropyl) phosphate, tris (l,3-dichloropropyl-2) phosphate, aromatic phosphate plasticisers, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) hydronium salts, and chlorinated paraffins. The conclusions of the assessment was that the following flame-retardants can be used on residential furniture with minimal risk, even under worst-case assumptions ... 

Benzyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide Cetrimonium bromide Dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride Laurtrimonium bromide Laurtrimonium chloride Methyl tributyl ammonium chloride Tetrabutyl ammonium bromide Tetrabutyl ammonium chloride Tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride Tetra-n-butyl ammonium hydrogen sulfate Tetra-n-butyl ammonium hydroxide Tetrabutyl ammonium iodide Tetrabutylphosphonium acetate, monoacetic acid Tetrabutylphosphonium bromide Tetrabutylphosphonium chloride Tetraethylammonium bromide Tetraethylammonium hydroxide Tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride Tetramethylammonium bromide Tetramethylammonium chloride Tetramethylammonium hydroxide Tetramethyl ammonium iodide Tetraphenyl phosphonium bromide Tetrapropyl ammonium bromide Tetrapropyl ammonium iodide Tributylamine Tributyl phosphine Tributyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium chloride Trioctyl (octadecyl) phosphonium iodide catalyst, phase-transfer Tetraethylammonium chloride Tetraoctylphosphonium bromide Tri-n-butyl methyl ammonium chloride Tri methyl phenyl ammonium hydroxide catalyst, phenolics Triethylamine... 

Tetrakis (2-chloroethyl) ethylene diphosphate flame retardant, paper Aluminum hydroxide Ammonium bromide Ammonium phosphate, dibasic Ammonium polyphosphate Antimony trioxide Barium metaborate Bis (P-chloroethyl) vinyl phosphonate Boric acid Dimelamine phosphate Melamine phosphate Paraffin, chlorinated Perchloropentacyclodecane Zinc sulfide flame retardant, PBT... 

Sulfolene readily undergoes Michael additions with acrylonitrile, at the 2- and 5-positions, in the presence of a catalytic amount of trimethylbenzyl ammonium hydroxide to give tetrakis(cyanomethyl)-3-sulfolene (67). This gives the corresponding tetrasubstituted 1,3-butadiene (68) upon thermolysis at reduced pressure [114] (Scheme 6.17). 

Silica is an alternative host for lanthanide chelates. Synthesis of nanosized silica particles by well-estabhshed hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosihcate (TEOS) with ammonium hydroxide is a common route for particle preparation. The transparent inert silica material is an excellent matrix for dye-embedded nanolabels as less spectral interferences are expected from the host material. Multiple lanthanide particles have been prepared for bioanalysis. Nanoparticles have been S3Uithesized by hydrolysis of TEOS with ammonium hydroxide in a microemulsion-containing aqueous solution of N,iV,iV, N -[2,6-bis(3 -aminomethyl-l -pyrazolyl)-phenylpyri-dine]tetrakis(acetate)-Tb(in) (BPTA-Tb ) chelate. In the microemulsion, the aqueous phase containing the lanthanide chelate formed nanodroplets acting as nanoreactors for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Since the size of the nanoparticles is dependent on the size of the droplets, it can be controlled, e.g., by the t3q>e of surfactants and by adjusting the concentration of the reactants [42-46],... 

Note PGMEA propylene glycol 1-mono-methyl-ether-2-acetate NMP n-methyl pyrrolidone EL ethyl lactate TMAH tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide BOE buffered oxide etch TEOS tetraethyl orthosilicate TDMAT tetrakis(dimethylamido) titanium IPA isopropyl alcohol or 2-propanol. 

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