Ammonium stannate

Dilute solutions of ammonium hydroxide and sodium carbonate have Httle effect on tin, but strong alkaline solutions of sodium or potassium hydroxide, cold and dilute, dissolve tin to form stannates. 

Antimony trioxide (SbaOj). It is produced from stibnite (antimony sulphide). Some typical properties are density 5.2-5.67 g/cm- pH of water suspension 2-6.5 particle size 0.2-3 p,m specific surface area 2-13 m-/g. Antimony trioxide has been the oxide universally employed as flame retardant, but recently antimony pentoxide (SbaOs) has also been used. Antimony oxides require the presence of a halogen compound to exert their fire-retardant effect. The flame-retarding action is produced in the vapour phase above the burning surface. The halogen and the antimony oxide in a vapour phase (above 315 C) react to form halides and oxyhalides which act as extinguishing moieties. Combination with zinc borate, zinc stannate and ammonium octamolybdate enhances the flame-retarding properties of antimony trioxide. 

In order to avoid the necessity of adding a quaternary ammonium compound to solubilize the organotin derivative, a number of new, anionic, tributyltin salts of the type (RsR P)" (BuaSnClt) , where R = Ri = "Bu or Ph R = Ph, R = Bz, were prepared (440, 536). Although these contain discrete, trigonal, bipyrEimidal tributyldichloro-stannate anions (440), their solubility in water was found to be very low. 

Perkin described a FR treatment for cotton using a mixture of sodium stannate and ammonium sulfate. 1912... 

The ammonium fluoride technique used by Raviendra and Sharma for ZnO (described earlier) has also been used by them to deposit cadmium stannate using a mixture of CdCli and SnCU [52]. After annealing at over 200°C, Cd2Sn04 was obtained. Optical and electrical properties of these films are described in Chapter 8. 

The chlor-platinates are mostly of a yellow colour, the insoluble salts, namely, those of potassium, rubidium, caesium, ammonium, and silver, crystallising in the anhydrous condition in the form of cubic octahedra, isomorphous with the chlor-iridates and chlor-osmates. The more soluble chlor-platinates, namely, those of sodium, magnesium, zinc, etc., crystallise with 6 molecules of water, and are isomorphous with the chlor-stannates.1... 

Zinc borate is also an effective SS in combination with phosphate ester plasticiser (130). The combination of ammonium octamolybdate and zinc stannate is also beneficial (435). It has been shown that ATH and MDH functional fillers coated with zinc hydroxystannate give significantly increased combustion resistance and lower levels of smoke evolution (386). Copper (I) complexes have been suggested as smoke suppressants (241). Copper oxides have also been investigated with positive results (60). 

Nucleophilic reactions of lithium thioalkynolates with electrophiles mostly occur at the 3 -position to afford alkynyl sulfides. For example, 3 -silylation and 3 -stannation are shown in equation 80 the synthesis and -alkylation of a quaternary ammonium thioalkynolate are shown in equation 81. Exceptionally, lithium thioalkynolates add to ketones to form -thiolactones, which are converted into alkenes on elimination of carbon oxysulfide (equation 82). Contrary to lithium ynolates, thioalkynolates do not react with aldehydes. ... 

Because these fire-retardant salts are water-soluble and subject to leaching, several new methods have been developed which provide a water-resistant or permanent treatment for cotton fabrics and cellu-losic materials. Perkin developed a process involving successive treatment with sodium stannate and ammonium sulfate, which precipitates stannic oxide in the cellulose libers. Antimony oxide in combination with vinyl chloride or other chlorinated polymers has also been found effective. A more recent approach to this problem involves application of fire-retardant resin-forming or cross-linking compounds. " These include materials and methods based on the copolymerization of tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride and methylol — melamine, the reaction of bromoform and triallyl phosphate to form a cross-linked polymer, and the cross-linking reaction of tris(l-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide with cellulose, or its copolymerization with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride and other materials. ... 

Salts Compounds formed by the union of acids and bases, by the action of alkalies upon metals, or by the direct union of elements. The term is often incorporated in the common name of salts used as pharmaceuticals bitter salts, epsom salt, or Seidlitz salt (magnesium sulfate), preparing salt (sodium stannate), Preston s salts (ammonium chloride), Rochelle salt or Seignette s salt (potassium and ammonium tartrate), salt of Mars (ferrous sulfate), salt of Saturn (lead acetate), salt of tartar (potassium carbonate), salt of tin (stannous chloride), salt of wisdom (mercury bichloride and ammonium chloride), sore-throat salt (fused potassium nitrate), vinegar salts (calcium acetate), and vomiting salt (zinc sulfate). The term is also applied to some acids, such as salt of lemon or sour salt (citric acid), salt of sorrel (oxalic acid), and spirit of salt (muriatic acid). ... 

Ammonium Bromide Ammonium Bisulfide Ammonium Hydrosulfide Ammonium Fluoride Ammonium Chloride Sal Ammoniac Santoprene 101-55 Santoprene 101-64 Santoprene 101-73 Santoprene 201-55 Santoprene 203-50 Calcium Hydrosulfide Ammonium Sulfide Potash Potassium Stannate Cumaldehyde Diphenylamine Amyl Cinnamaldehyde Phenoxyacetic Acid Diethylhexyl Sebacate (2-) Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Sebacate Dioctyl Sebacate Phenyl Acetate Phenoxyethanol (2-) Ethylene Glycol Phenyl Ether Arcel... 

Figure 13.7 shows the effect of two combinations on smoke release. Addition of zinc stannate or ammonium octamolybdate, AOM, gives better performance than antimony trioxide alone. " Antimony trioxide performance is also improved by brominated flame retardants. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, antimony trioxide, and novel silicone powders form good combinations, reducing the heat release rate and smoke in thermoplastics. ... 

Species which decrease the quantity of Mg(OH)2 precipitated upon the addition of NaOH, sueh as ammonium salts, and anions which precipitate Mg (e.g., phosphate), interfere in the Titan Yellow method. A number of metal cations decrease or increase the colour intensity. Decreased absorbance in the presence of Al, Zn, or Sn(IV) is believed result from adsorption of aluminate, zincate or stannate ions on the Mg(OH)2, which reduces the amount of dye adsorbed. 

Sodium stannate Stannic chloride blueprint photography Iron ammonium citrate blush retarder, lacquers Ethoxyethanol acetate P-naphthol mfg. 

Elastocarb Tech Heavy Elastocarb Tech Light Magnesium carbonate hydroxide 235-223-4 Ammonium sulfide 235-228-1 Lithium sulfide 235-255-9 Potassium stannate 235-340-0 Benaqua 4000 Benaqua 6000 Bentone AD... 

Ammonium sulfamate H6Na206Sn Sodium stannate HeOeSnZn... 

There are several fillers and inoiganic/organic additives used in flame retarded materials and these include antimony oxide, aluminum trihydrate, zinc borate, ammonium octamolybdate, and zinc stannate. The details related to the composition required and performance characteristics of inorganic additives can be found in specialized monograph. Some of these compounds are discussed below in relation to their effects on enhancement of performance of phosphate plasticizers. 

Some interesting work has been reported using Zn and Mo systems in plenum cable formulations. The use of a zinc molybdenum complex in place of ammonium octamolybdate is described in Ref 61 and the use of ammonium octamolybdate in combination with zinc stannate as a smoke suppressant in plenum cable compounds is discussed in Ref [62]. 

Add 1 mg each of carriers for tin (as sodium stannate. . antimony (as potassium antimonyl tartrate), tellurium (as sodium tellurate), and molybdenum (as ammonium molybdate), and dry under the lamp. Add 0.1 g of potassium hydroxide and heat carefully over a burner until a tranquil melt is. obtained. Raise the temperature to a dull red heat and maintain at this temperature for 5 minutes, keeping the melt swirled the whole time. 

Oxides with group 13-15 elements (B, Al, Sn, As) cobalt aluminium oxide cobalt boron oxide (cobalt borate) cobalt tin oxide (cobalt stannate) cobalt arsenic oxide (cobalt arsenate) eobalt arsenic oxide hydrate and erythrite (Co3(As04)2.8H20) cobalt ammonium arsenic oxide smaltite ((Co,Ni)As3 n). Phosphates cobalt phosphate (Co3(P04)2) cobalt phosphate tetrahydrate Co3(P04)3.4H20 cobalt phosphate octahydrate Co3(P04)2.8H20 cobalt aluminium phosphate cobalt ammonium phosphate (C0NH4PO4.H2O) cobalt magnesium phosphate cobalt zinc phosphate. 

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