Ammonium hypochlorite

The Hoffman rearrangement of amides by quaternary ammonium hypochlorites is not particularly efficient under phase-transfer catalytic conditions and only low yields of nitrile, aldehydes, or ketones, which result from oxidation of the amines, are... 

J. Race, attempting to make ammonium hypochlorite by the double decomposition of ammonium oxalate and calcium hypochlorite, obtained a soln. with its germicidal action greatly enhanced and it was assumed that the unstable ammonium... 

Ammonium hypochlorite, NH4C10.—An unstable solution of the hypochlorite is obtained by neutralizing aqueous hypoehlorous acid with ammonia, by the action of chlorine on ammonium hydroxide,8 and by addition of an ammonium salt to a dilute solution of bleaching powder.4 It has not been isolated in the solid state. 

Ammonium hypochlorite, NH4CIO, is the salt of ammonia, NH3, and hypochlorous acid, HCIO. (a) What is the K3 for ammonium ion (b) What is the IQ, for hypochlorite ion (c) Is an aqueous solution of ammonium hypochlorite acidic, basic, or neutral ... 

In excess ammonia, nitrogen trichloride reacts giving partly free nitrogen and partly probably ammonium hypochlorite [22] ... 

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solutions (bleach), potassium hypochlorite solutions KOCl and ammonium hypochlorite solutions NH4OCI, diluted to 0.5-1%, are widely... 

When chlorine is passed into aqueous ammonia, ammonium chloride and nitrogen are formed. If, however, sodium chloratefi) (hypochlorite) is used instead of chlorine, chloramine is first formed ... 

The process operated by ACl is outlined in Figure 7. Bales of cotton linter are opened, cooked in dilute caustic soda, and bleached with sodium hypochlorite. The resulting highly purified ceUulose is mixed with pre-precipitated basic copper sulfate in the dissolver, and 24—28% ammonium hydroxide cooled to below 20°C is added. The mixture is agitated until dissolution is complete. If necessary, air is introduced to aUow oxidative depolymerization and hence a lowering of the dope viscosity. 

Several electrophiles, such as acetic anhydride, nitric acid or alternative nitrating agents, such as ammonium nitrate in trifluoroacetic anhydride (41), or sodium hypochlorite, react at N-1, which is followed by reaction at N-3 under suitable conditions. In the case of acetic anhydride, the reaction can take place exclusively at N-3 if N-1 is hindered this fact has served as a criterion for studying the stereochemistry of 5-spirohydantoin derivatives (42,43). 

The dimethyl ethers of hydroquiaones and 1,4-naphthalenediols can be oxidized with silver(II) oxide or ceric ammonium nitrate. Aqueous sodium hypochlorite under phase-transfer conditions has also produced efficient conversion of catechols and hydroquiaones to 1,2- and 1,4-benzoquiaones (116), eg, 4-/-butyl-l,2-ben2oquinone [1129-21-1] ia 92% yield. 

Disinfection destroys pathogenic organisms. This procedure can render an object safe for use. Disinfectants include solutions of hypochlorites, tinctures of iodine or iodophores, phenoHc derivatives, quaternary ammonium salts, ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and hydrogen peroxide (see Disinfectants AND antiseptics). Effective use of disinfected materials must be judged by properly trained personnel. 

Oxidative surface treatment processes can be gaseous, ie, air, carbon dioxide, and ozone Hquid, ie, sodium hypochlorite, and nitric acid or electrolytic with the fiber serving as the anode within an electrolytic bath containing sodium carbonate, nitric acid, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, or other electrolyte. Examples of electrolytic processes are described in the patent Hterature (39,40)... 

Whereas these preparations do not possess the high bacteriostatic activity of quaternary ammonium germicides, they have the alternate advantage of being rapidly functional in acid solution. In comparative experiments of several different disinfectants, the acid—anionic killed bacteria at lower concentration than five other disinfectants. Only sodium hypochlorite and an iodine product were effective at higher dilution than the acid—anionic. By the AO AC use dilution test, the acid—anionic killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 225 ppm. Salmonella choleraesuis at 175 ppm, and Staphylococcus aureus at 325 ppm (172). 

Sodium hypochlorite hy action of chlorine on aqueous sodium hydroxide Ammonium nitrate hy action of ammonia on aqueous nitric acid Nitric acid hy absorption of nitric oxide in water... 

Ammonium dichromate Barium chlorate Calcium chlorate/hypochlorite Chromium trioxide (chromic acid)... 

Ammonium sulfate triolein, oleic acid, androsten-3,17-dione, xanthanonic acid, cholesterol-propionate, N-methy Ipheny lalanine, D-glucose fluorescence after heating to 150 — 180 °C, exposure to tert-butyl hypochlorite [203]... 

MIcrobiocldes. There are several microbiocides available commercially that can perform an effective function in controlling microbial activity. Some of these chemicals are inorganic, such as chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, chromates and compounds of mercury and silver. However, the organic chemicals find the highest use as microbiocides. Some examples of these organic compounds are peracetic acid, paraformaldehyde, polychlorophenols and quaternary ammonium derivatives, to name a few [208]. 

Alkalis Molybdenum is moderately resistant to aerated solutions of ammonium hydroxide and is inert when oxygen is excluded. It has only fair resistance in aerated 1 % sodium hydroxide at 35°C and 60°C but its resistance is better in a 10% solution at both these temperatures. It is severely corroded in sodium hypochlorite solutions (pH 11 or higher) at 35°C (Table 5.4). 

Write the complete Lewis structure for each of the following compounds (a) ammonium chloride (b) potassium phosphide (c) sodium hypochlorite. 

Aluminium sulphate Ammonium bifluoride Ammonium bisulphite Ammonium bromide Ammonium persulphate Antimony trichloride Beryllium chloride Cadmium chloride Calcium hypochlorite Copper nitrate Copper sulphate Cupric chloride Cuprous chloride Ferric chloride Ferric nitrate... 

Sodium aluminium sulphate Sodium bisulphate Sodium hypochlorite Sodium perchlorate Sodium thiocyanate Stannic ammonium chloride Stannic chloride Stannous chloride Uranyl nitrate Zinc chloride Zinc fluorosilicate... 

C03-0110. The following pairs of substances are quite different despite having similar names. Write correct formulas for each, (a) sodium chloride and sodium hypochlorite (b) nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide (c) potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate and (d) ammonia and ammonium ion. 

Viruses that contain hpid are inactivated by organic solvents such as chloroform and ether. Those without hpid are resistant to these agents. This distinction has been used to classify virases. Many of the chemical disinfectants used against bacteria, e.g. phenols, alcohols and quaternary ammonium compounds (Chapter 10), have minimal virucidal activity. The most generally active agents are chlorine, the hypochlorites, iodine, aldehydes and ethylene oxide. 

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