Ammonia coefficients

Figure 11. Effect of temperature on salting out of ammonia (coefficient source (O) at 25°C (28), at 60°C, 155,561 salts LiCl, KOH, NaOH, KCl, NaCl, KNO, ...

The ratio of oxygen uptake to ammonia excretion in Black Sea mussels has been found to exhibit a distinct daily rhythm (Slatina, 1986). As a rule, the ammonia coefficient (O/N) tends to increase greatly at night. As this rise in energy metabolism does not result from an enhanced locomotor activity, it is difficult to explain or to find any analogue in fish. Farbridge and Leatherland (1987) demonstrated a strong effect of the lunar cycles on amino acid uptake by the scales, also on nucleic acids, metabolic reserves and plasma thyroid hormones in coho salmon. 

Indicators related to nitrogenous metabolism include the concentrations of free amino acids (Shcherbina, 1973 Ostroumova, 1983). The ammonia coefficient (O/N), described in Chapter 2, is also useful, values less than 8.67 indicating anaerobic metabolism which can be caused by, for example, increased concentrations of heavy metals in the water, which inhibit the normal supply of oxygen to the tissues (Shulman, 1996). The rate of oxygen uptake is by itself a good indicator of condition, responding as it does to every disturbance of the norm (Stroganov, 1968). 

The addition of potassium to Fe single crystals also enliances the activity for ammonia synthesis. Figure A3.10.19 shows the effect of surface potassium concentration on the N2 sticking coefficient. There is nearly a 300-fold increase in the sticking coefficient as the potassium concentration reaches -1.5 x 10 K atoms cm ... 

Hexamethylenetetramine. Hexa, a complex molecule with an adamantane-type stmcture, is prepared from formaldehyde and ammonia, and can be considered a latent source of formaldehyde. When used either as a catalyst or a curative, hexa contributes formaldehyde-residue-type units as well as benzylamines. Hexa [100-97-0] is an infusible powder that decomposes and sublimes above 275°C. It is highly soluble in water, up to ca 45 wt % with a small negative temperature solubiUty coefficient. The aqueous solutions are mildly alkaline at pH 8—8.5 and reasonably stable to reverse hydrolysis. 

Effects of High Solute Concentrations on Ug and As discussed previously, the stagnant-film model indicates that fcc should be independent of ysM and/cc should be inversely proportional to The data of Vivian and Behrman [Am. Tn.st. Chem. Eng. J., 11, 656 (1965)] for the absorption of ammonia from an inert gas strongly suggest that the film model s predicted trend is correct. This is another indication that the most appropriate rate coefficient to use is fcc. nd the proper driving-force term is of the form (y — yd ysM-... 

Note that the group on the left side of Eq. (14-182) is dimensionless. When turbulence promoters are used at the inlet-gas seclion, an improvement in gas mass-transfer coefficient for absorption of water vapor by sulfuric acid was obsei ved by Greenewalt [Ind. Eng. Chem., 18, 1291 (1926)]. A falhug off of the rate of mass transfer below that indicated in Eq. (14-182) was obsei ved by Cogan and Cogan (thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1932) when a cauTiiug zone preceded the gas inlet in ammonia absorption (Fig. 14-76). 

H. S. Eggleston, in Ammonia Emissions in Europe Emission Coefficients and Abatement Costs, Proceedings of a Workshop 4-6 February 1991, ed. G. Klaassen, IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria,... 

Gauges used for measuring the liquid level in vessels may be of semitransparent and even nontransparent materials. Figure 3.2 illustrates a simple level gauge on a steel vessel used for liquid ammonia storage. As shown, a narrow strip of insulation is taken away from the vessel s shell to expose the bare metal. Consequently, the heat transfer coefficient from the... 

Liquid aiiliydrous ammonia has a large coefficient of expansion, wliich could lead to serious problems during storage and transfer due to tlie hydrostatic pressure exerted by the liquid. The flammability range of ammonia in air at atmospheric pressure is from 16 to 25% ammonia by volume. Increasing tlie temperature mid pressure of the ammonia broadens tlie flammability range. Ammonia is readily absorbed in water to make ammonia liquor (ammonimn... 

Both the LUMO and LUMO + 1 energy levels of the nitronaphthyridines and the values of the coefficients at the carbon and ring nitrogen in the LUMO and LUMO -f 1 orbitals were determined. Using homo = -11.9 eV for ammonia, the values of the stabilization energy AE) for each position of the nitronaphthyridines were calculated. Tire results of the cal-... 

The effective interfacial area is used in mass transfer studies as an undivided part of individual and overall coefficients when it is difficult to separate and determine the effective area. The work of Shulman et.al.,65 presents a well organized evaluation of other work in addition to their own. One of the difficulties in correlating tower packing performance lies in obtaining the correct values for the effective interfacial areas of the packing on which the actual absorption, desorption, chemical reaction, etc. are completed. Figures 9-47 A, B, C, D, E, F, G present a correlation for Avater flow based on the ammonia-water data of Fellinger [27] and are valid for absorption work. 

Various amines find application for pH control. The most commonly used are ammonia, morpholine, cyclohexylamine, and, more recently AMP (2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol). The amount of each needed to produce a given pH depends upon the basicity constant, and values of this are given in Table 17.4. The volatility also influences their utility and their selection for any particular application. Like other substances, amines tend towards equilibrium concentrations in each phase of the steam/water mixture, the equilibrium being temperature dependent. Values of the distribution coefficient, Kp, are also given in Table 17.4. These factors need to be taken into account when estimating the pH attainable at any given point in a circuit so as to provide appropriate protection for each location. 

Polytetrafluorethylene (p.t.f.e.) This polymer does not absorb water, has no solvents and is almost completely inert to chemical attack molten alkali metals and sodium in liquid ammonia are the rare exceptions. Furthermore it does not soften below 320°C, is electrically inert and has a very low coefficient of friction. It is more expensive than general purpose plastics, requires special fabrication techniques, is degraded by high energy radiation, and has a low creep resistance. 

If the growth yield coefficient for ammonia was 10 g g 1, what concentration of biomass would you expect if ammonia was added to a concentration of 2-5 g l 1 ... 

The respiratory quotient (RQ) is often used to estimate metabolic stoichiometry. Using quasi-steady-state and by definition of RQ, develop a system of two linear equations with two unknowns by solving a matrix under the following conditions the coefficient of the matrix with yeast growth (y = 4.14), ammonia (yN = 0) and glucose (ys = 4.0), where the evolution of C02 and biosynthesis are very small (o- = 0.095). Calculate the stoichiometric coefficient for RQ =1.0 for the above biological processes ... 

Deviations from Henry s law are exhibited by most gases having absorption coefficients greater than 100. In some cases the discrepancies vanish at higher temperatures. Thus Roscoe and Dittmar (1860) found that ammonia did not follow the law of Henry at the ordinary temperature, but Sims (1862) showed that the deviations from the law became less as the temperature at which absorption occurred increased, until at 100° the amount of ammonia dissolved by water was directly proportional to the pressure. The deviations appear to be always greatest under small pressures, and to decrease with increasing pressure, and therefore with increasing concentration of the solution they are doubtless due to chemical interaction between the solvent and dissolved gas. 

Sodium ethoxide in deuterated ethanol was used in a study of the rate of deuteration of anisolechromium tricarbonyl at 100 °C, the first-order coefficient (2.65 x 10 5) being reported as only 3 times greater than that for benzene, cf anisole in the reaction with potassamide in liquid ammonia (Table 177)591a. 

The gas phase mass transfer coefficient for the absorption of ammonia into water from a mixture of composition NHj 20%, N2 73%, Hj 7% is found experimentally to be 0.030 m/s. What would you expect the transfer coefficient to be for a mixture of composition NH3 5%, N2 60%, Hj 35% All compositions are given on a molar basis. The total pressure and temperature are die same in both cases. The transfer coefficients are based on a steady-state film model and the effective film thickness may be assumed constant. Neglect the solubility of Ny and Hi in water. 

In Table 3 we have listed the results of a basis set and correlation study for the hyperpolarizability dispersion coefficients. In a previous investigation of the basis set effects on the dispersion coefficients for the first hyperpolarizability (3 of ammonia [22] we found quite different trends for the static hyperpolarizability and for the dispersion coefficients. While the static hyperpolarizability was very sensitive to the inclusion of diffuse functions, the dispersion coefficients remained almost unchanged on augmentation of the basis set with additional diffuse functions, but the results obtained with the CC2 and CCSD models, which include dynamic electron correlation, showed large changes with an increase of the... 

Stoichiometric coefficients describe the relative numbers of molecules involved in the reaction. In any actual reaction, immense numbers of molecules are involved, but the relative numbers are always related through the stoichiometric coefficients. Further, these coefficients describe both the relative numbers of molecules and the relative numbers of moles involved in the reaction. For example, the Haber reaction always involves immense numbers of molecules, but the equation describing the synthesis of ammonia tells us the following ... 

To solve a quantitative limiting reactant problem, we identify the limiting reactant by working with amounts in moles and the stoichiometric coefficients from the balanced equation. For the ammonia synthesis, if we start with 84.0 g of molecular nitrogen and 24.2 g of molecular hydrogen, what mass of ammonia can be prepared First, convert from... 

Our goal is to link the mass of the product with the energy released. We must determine the number of moles of ammonia and take account of the stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced equation. A flowchart summarizes the calculations ... 

In this example, only one of the reagents has a concentration that can vaiy, and each stoichiometric coefficient is one. What happens for a more complicated reaction Consider the synthesis of ammonia carried out in a pressurized reactor containing N2, H2, and NH3 at partial pressures different from 1 bar ... 

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