Esters and amines

Sodium (metal). Used as a fine wire or as chips, for more completely drying ethers, saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons which have been partially dried (for example with calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate). Unsuitable for acids, alcohols, alkyl halides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and esters. Reacts violently if water is present and can cause a fire with highly flammable liquids. 

Methyl damascaninc (12) has a nutmeg-likc smell and is used in perfumery. Each group on the aromatic ring has an alkyl group attached - ether, amine, and ester are all present. 

Fig. 4. Early generation PAMAM dendrimers with amine and ester/acid termini...

Similar process intensification was obtained for the Michael addition with a, P unsaturated amines and esters (Lowe et al. 2006). 

This chapter aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art in homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of C=0 and C=N bonds. Diastereoselec-tive or enantioselective processes are discussed elsewhere. The chapter is divided into sections detailing the hydrogenation of aldehydes, the hydrogenation of ketones, domino-hydroformylation-reduction, reductive amination, domino hydroformylation-reductive amination, and ester, acid and anhydride hydrogenation. 

Charles JM, Cunny HC, Wilson RD, Bus JS (1996) Comparative studies on 2,4- dichlorophe-noxyacetic acid, amine and ester in rats. Fundam Appl Toxicol 33 161-165... 

Alkylations by oxonium salts have added several new weapons to the synthetic chemist s armamentarium. For example, the O-alkylated products from amides [R1C(OR)=NR2R3]+ (R == CH3 or C2H5) may be hydrolyzed under mild conditions to amines and esters,14-34 reduced to the amines RjCH-jNRaRa by sodium borohydride,13 converted to amide acetals RiC(OR)2NR2R3 by alkoxides,4-16 and (for R3 = H) deproton-ated to the imino esters R1C(OR)=NR2.16-18 Amide acetals and imino esters are themselves in turn useful synthetic intermediates. Indeed, oxonium salts transform the rather intractable amide group into a highly reactive and versatile functionality, a fact elegantly exploited in recent work on the synthesis of corrins.34... 

These include water-based materials such as amine, esters and alkylsilanes. Water-based amines and esters have no significant effect on slump and rate of hardening of concrete. It is claimed they delay corrosion of steel both in cracked and uncracked members. Effectiveness of the admixture has been attributed to a dual mechanism of corrosion inhibition, viz. prevention of chloride and moisture ingress and formation of a protective film on the surface of the steel. Ester molecules derived from the admixture are said to line the pores of the concrete thus increasing the resistance to moisture and chloride penetration, while the film-forming characteristics of the amine promote adsorption of the molecules on the steel surface, providing a protective coat which keeps moisture and chlorides out. 

D levels were measured in urine samples collected prior to, during, and after actual spray operations from workers involved in ground and aerial applications of amine and ester formulations of... 

White powder (or crystals from benzene) having phenolic odor mp, 138°C1,2 amine and ester are liquids. 

Epichlorohydrin, or l-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane, is the key raw material in the manufacture of the most widely used epoxy resins known as glycidyl ethers, amines, and esters. The most... 

Certain organic samples such as lower molecular weight alcohols, polyalcohols, organic acids, organometallic salts, amines and esters in either aliphatic or aromatic form can be analysed directly or after dilution in a suitable ICP-AES compatible solvent. These samples can be analysed for formulated or contaminated metals against a calibration curve prepared from a certified stock standard in the same solvent. Organic samples with varying viscosities, particularly for trace metals content, may be... 

Indium metal reduces the terminal triple bond of aryl propargyl ethers, amines, and esters in aqueous ethanol to produce the corresponding alkenyl compounds (Tab. 8.23) [119]. Indium metal in aqueous ethanohc ammonium chloride reduces the carbon-carbon double bond of activated conjugated alkenes such as a,a-dicya-no olefins, /faryleriories, and enone esters (Scheme 8.88) [120]. 

The acetalization of aldehydes and ketones with alcohols is catalyzed by SbCb in the presence of Fe or Al (Scheme 14.5) [21]. The selective acetahzation of aldehydes can also be performed by combined use of Sb(OR)3 (R=Et, iPr) and allyl bromide [26]. Sb(OEt)3 promotes intermolecular amidation between amines and esters or carboxylic acids [27]. When tetraamino esters are used as substrates, the antimony(Ill)-templated macrolactamization occurs to yield macrocychc spermine alkaloids (Scheme 14.6). 

Mineral oils, paraffin and other waxes, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, ethoxylated glycerides, ethoxylated fatty amines, and esters of fatty alcohols and acids have also been used in fabric softening [52], and also nonionic actives such as glycols, sorbitol, and urea, but in combination with a charged active. 

Plots in Canada have been receiving annual spring applications of high (-1.12 kg/ha) and low (-0.42 kg/ha) rates of amine and ester formulations of 2,4-D since 1947, and MCPA amine since 1953. In the fall of 1987, after 40 successive applications of 2,4-D and 34 annual treatments of MCPA, soil samples were taken from the 0- to 15-cm and 15- to 30-cm depths and analyzed gas chromatographically. Residual amounts of 2,4-D and MCPA were less than 0.02 kg/ha indicating complete degradation of the herbicides... 

Under laboratory conditions, the breakdown of added (14C)2,4-D to soils treated for 40 years with amine and ester formulations of 2,4-D was rapid with no significant difference between the high and low field application rates (Table I). In control soils breakdown was slower. 

Thionyl chloride can be used to activate surface carboxylic groups for subsequent modification with amines and esters. This approach has been used with oxidized carbon surfaces [23, 24] and for the activation of poly(acrylic) acid surfaces prior to diazo coupling [25] (see figure 6.6). 

Secondary amides react selectively to yield esters and sulfilimines, which can then be converted into the corresponding amines. For example, amide 17 reacts with sulfurane 1 to furnish ester 19 and sulfilimine 18 which yields amine 21 upon reaction with either hydrochloric acid followed by base or hydrogen gas and catalytic palladium on carbon. Thus, this reaction can function both as an ester synthesis and an amine deprotection. Bulky secondary amides do not immediately undergo cleavage and instead yield imidates that, upon treatment with aqueous acid, furnish amines and esters. For example, combination of Martin s sulfurane (1) with amide 22 provides imidate 23 that can be easily converted into amine 25 and ester 24. Primary amides provide Af-acylsulfilimines, while tertiary amides are completely unreactive.7... 

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