Amine resins, catalyst

Rhodium Elution and Product Composition from Amine Resin Catalysts" (U 7)... 

The Mobil group (6.7.14) pioneered the use of Rh/10 or 11 catalysts for hydroformylation. When the amine resin catalysts were analyzed versus time on line in a packed bed reactor, redistribution of the rhodium was observed reminiscent of the previously described... 

AmberlySt 15, properties, 44t Amine resins, catalyst deactivation, 98... 

Epoxy Resins. Polysulftdes may also be cured by reaction with epoxy resins (qv) according to the reaction in equation 2. Amines or other catalysts are used and often primary or secondary amine resins are cured together with the polysulfide. 

The most common catalysts in order of decreasing reactivity are haUdes of aluminum, boron, zinc, and kon (76). Alkali metals and thek alcoholates, amines, nitriles, and tetraalkylureas have been used (77—80). The largest commercial processes use a resin—catalyst system (81). Trichlorosilane refluxes in a bed of anion-exchange resin containing tertiary amino or quaternary ammonium groups. Contact time can be used to control disproportionation to dichlorosilane, monochlorosilane, or silane. 

Epoxides can react with alcohols via acidic or basic catalysed reaction mechanisms. However, since both strong acids and bases will degrade the cell wall polymers of wood, the reaction is usually catalysed via the use of amines, which are more strongly nucleophilic than the OH group. For example, whereas the production of epoxy-phenolic resins requires temperatures in the region of 180-205 °C, reaction between epoxides and primary or secondary amines takes place at 15 °C (Turner, 1967). Reaction of epoxides with wood often involves the use of tertiary amines as catalysts (Sherman etal., 1980). The sapwood is more reactive towards epoxides than heartwood (Ahmad and Harun, 1992). 

NEW POLYDENTATE Mo(VI) - GRAFTED POLY(AMIDO AMINE) RESINS AS HETEROGENEOUS EPOXIDATION CATALYSTS... 

New heterogeneous oxygen-transfer catalysts have been prepared by Mo(Vl) grafting on suitably functionalized polyfamido amine) resins containing units derived from carboxylic aminoacids. 

To recycle a valuable amine acylation catalyst, Janda and co-workers10 attached a proline-based catalyst to a polymeric support for the enan-tioselective kinetic resolution of alcohols (entry 6). The resin-bound catalyst behaves similarly to the soluble catalyst, providing good yields of secondary alcohols and their corresponding esters with good to excellent enantioselectivities for various substrates. 

Amine hydrochloride catalyst for urea formaldehyde resins Properties ... 

VIKON FGT is effective and easily used in resin finishes because it is stable to magnesium chloride and zinc nitrate catalysts, as well as to amine hydrochloride catalysts. It is also stable to dye-fixing agents and to a variety of other materials which often cause coagulation of emulsion polymers and consequent build-up on equipment. 

Tertiary amines alone can be used as catalysts, but for some applications, such as spraying, more speed is desirable. Metal salts, particularly tin salts, accelerate the foaming reactions, and can be used alone or in combination with the tertiary amine-type catalysts. Tin catalysts of importance for rigid urethane foams are stannous octoate and dibutyltin dilaurate. Stannous octoate will hydrolyze rapidly in the presence of a basic catalyst with loss of activity. Masterbatches containing stannous octoate and moisture are stable for only a few hours at room temperature. Resin masterbatches containing dibutyltin dilaurate may stay stable for months. For this reason this catalyst is preferred for foaming systems packaged for use at other locations or plants where the resin masterbatch is not used immediately (20). 

The recycling experiments were examined for the amination of the cycloheptenyl ester 29 with 1 equivalent of dibenzylamine. After the first use of the polymeric chiral catalyst to give 98% ee of 41a, the recovered resin catalyst was taken on to second and third uses, without any additional charge of palladium, and exliibited no loss of its catalyhc activity or stereoselectivity. 

The reaction of 1,3,5-triformylcycIohexane (38) with primary amines in refhuing ethanolic acetic acid takes a different course. The equilibrium mixture in this reaction includes significant amounts of carbinolamine intermediates, including partially cydized tricyclics such as 41 (Scheme 5). Horn methylamine, the final product is a crystalline amide (T-S-dimethyl-Z-( o-3,5-diazatricyclo[5.3.1.0 ]decane (42a, 41% yield). The same type of reaction occurred between trial 38 and excess benzylamine in the presence of an acidic ion exchange resin catalyst in refluxing toluene, leading to the... 

A variety of ion exchange resins with strong and weak acid, weak base, and quaternary ammonium ion functionality are available in bead form well suited for filtration from reaction mixtures and for use in continuous flow processes. They have been used for >30 years in flow systems for water deionization. Sulfonic acid resins are already used on a large scale as catalysts for the addition of methanol to isobutylene to form methyl terr-butyl ether, for the hydration of propene to isopropyl alcohol, and for a variety of smaller scale processes. Tertiary amine resins have been used as catalysts for the addition of alcohols to isocyanates to form urethanes. The quaternary ammonium ion resins could be used as reagents with any of a large number of counter ions, and as catalysts in two and three phase reaction mixtures, although the author is not aware of any commercial process of this sort at present. 

Uses Hardening catalyst in waterborne or solv.-borne baking paints crosslinked with amine resins Trade Names Additol XW 335... 

In addition, the bifunctional amine-acid catalyst approach involving the (S)-(- -)-l-(2-pyrrodinylmethyl)pyrrolidine la TFA eombination was also used by Dondoni and coworkers. The homoaldol reaction of ethyl pyruvate in the presenee of diamine la TFA salt (30 mol%) produced an isotetronic acid derivative (6) after treatment with an acidic resin (Scheme 9.3). Furthermore, the proteetion of the resulting enol with TBDMSCl afford product in 59% yield and 86% ee. 

Another approach, keeping the C2 symmetry, consisted in the immobilization of the catalyst on a TentaGel amine resin via the pyrrolidine part of a pyrrolidine-salen instead of the aromatic rings (Scheme 130) [195]. In presence of NaOCl or /w-CPBA, with 4 mol% of catalyst 313 all underwent AE of 2,2-dimethylchromene, 6-( ano-2,2-dimethylchromene and 1-phenylcyclohex-l-ene in high yields, more than 70% and with enantioselectivities of 82%, 86% and 68% respectively. In these conditions, decomposition of this catalyst was observed. 

Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) ru A thermoplastic, linear, non-crystalline polyether obtained by the oxidative polycondensation on 2,6-dimethylphenol in the presence of a copper-amine complex catalyst. The resin has a wide useful temperature range, from below —170 to +190°C, with intermittent use to 205° C possible. It has excellent electrical properties, unusual resistance to acids and bases, and is pro-cessable on conventional extrusion and injection-molding equipment. Because of its high coat PPO is also marketed in the form of polystyrene blends (see Noryf ) that are lower-softening (Tg of PS is about 100°C vs 208°C for PPO), and have working properties intermediate between those of the two resins. 

It has been found that tertiary amines are catalysts that not only affect the rate of the anhydride-epoxide reaction, but its course as well [82,83]. Dearborn and coworkers [84], for example, report that the highest crosslinking in amine-catalyzed anhydride-epoxide resin cures was obtained at a 1 1 anhydride expoxide ratio. This implies that the amine largely or wholly suppresses the undesirable side reaction of epoxide polymerization. This method of curing is potentially a powerful tool in polymer chemistry, since in its broadest sense it enables one to prepare a linear polyester containing at regular intervals along the chain various substituents available for further reactions. 

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