Amblyomma

Brown SJ, Galli SJ, Gleich GJ, Askenase PW Ablation of immunity to Amblyomma atmricanum by antibasophil serum cooperation between basophils and eosinophils in expression of immunity to ectoparasites (ticks) inguineapigs.J Immunol 1982 129 790-796. 

Normal routes of exposure Vectors (ticks—Amblyomma species). 

Friesen KJ, Kaufman WR (2003) Cypermethrin inhibits egg development in the ixodid tick, Amblyomma hebraeum. Pestic Biochem Physiol 76 25-35... 

Heartwater is a noncontagious disease caused by Rickettsia ruminantium and the organism is transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma. In east and central Africa A. variegatum is the principal vector, while in South Africa it is A. hebraeum. The disease occurs in subclinical form in at least two species of antelope which probably serve as reservoirs of the organism. A larval tick once infected will retain... 

Octopamine in the CNS. It is reasonable to suppose that this handful of varied systems where OA has effector functions is only the tip of the iceberg and that more will be discovered. All of these known systems are located peripherally since the demonstration of a specific transmitter role for any compound within the CNS is very challenging. However, there is every reason to believe that OA has important transmitter or modulator functions in the CNS of arthropods. It is synthesized and stored there in plausible amounts (8,9f13) and OA-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity has been found within the CNS of several arthropods. In addition to the examples cited in the recent review by Bodnaryk (26), this activity has been demonstrated in the tobacco hornworm (27f28), Drosophila melanogaster (29)t the tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (27) and the crayfish (30,31) Neurones specifically sensitive to OA have been... 

Some researchers noticed that some chemicals attract adult of Amblyomma [107,108]. Among these substances many were of natural origin, such as nonanoic acid, methyl salicylate, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, heptadecane and squalene. Other authors exploited this feature to prepare some drugs in which the acaricides were associated to the pheromone-like chemicals to control Amblyomma [109,110]. 

The previously reported 2,6-dichlorophenol, which is a sex pheromone of several species of tick (1), is also produced by the African tick Amblyomma hebraeum (1662, 1663). This pheromone has been used to control the African bont tick on... 

Lusby WR, Sonenshine DE, Yunker CE, Norval RA, Burridge MJ (1991) Comparison of Known and Suspected Pheromonal Constituents in Males of the African Ticks, Amblyomma hebraeum Koch and Amblyomma variegatum (Fabricius). Exp Appl Acarol 13 143... 

Yunker CE, Peter T, Norval RAI, Sonenshine DE, Burridge MJ, Butler JF (1992) Olfactory Responses of Adult Amblyomma hebraeum and A. variegatum (Acari Ixodidae) to Attrac-tant Chemicals in Laboratory Tests. Exp Appl Acarol 13 295... 

Norval RAI, Sonenshine DE, Allan SA, Burridge MJ (1996) Efficacy of Pheromone-Acaricide-Impregnated Tail-Tag Decoys for Controlling the Bont Tick, Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari Ixodidae), on Cattle in Zimbabwe. Exp Appl Acarol 20 31... 

Haggart DA, David EE (1981) Neurons Sensitive to 2,6-Dichlorophenol on the Tarsi of the Tick Amblyomma americanum (Acari Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 18 187... 

TABLE V, Control of Adults and Nymphs (test 1 only) of Five Species of Three-host Ticks (Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Rhipicephalus spp. on Cattle Given Daily Oral or Subcutaneous Treatment with MK-933 "Reproduced with permission in part from ref. 16. Copyright 1981, J. Econ. Entomol., Entomological Society of America. "... 

Halogenated phenols are also known as bactericidal and fungicidal substances they also occur in nature. It is interesting that 2,6-dichlorophenol has effects as a sexual pheromone on the female ticks of Amblyomma amer-icanum. 

McPartland et al. (2001) did not detect AEA in brains dissected from the honeybee (Apis mellifera) or in heads of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Perhaps the lack of AEA in insects evolved from a relative paucity of AA. Insects produce very litde AA (Stanley-Samuelson and Pedibhoda, 1996), in contrast to invertebrates that do not molt (such as sea urchius, mollusks, and hydra). Salivary glands of the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) contained no measurable amoimts of AEA unless they were stimnlated with AA (Fezza et al., 2003). 

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