Amber route

As a hint for the archaeological output, in order to rationalize on the importance of nondestructive analysis, it should be mentioned that the quantity and quality of amber artefacts from Romania is lower than those found in territories placed on the track of the so-called Amber Route (Teodor ES et al, 2010). Nevertheless, from our studies, the Baltic amber is encountered very early, in Neolithic, i.e. only three isolated beads (not published), and only in southern Romania, as a clue that Danube may be considered as a secondary Amber Trail. 

Ethoxylation of alkyl amine ethoxylates is an economical route to obtain the variety of properties required by numerous and sometimes smaH-volume industrial uses of cationic surfactants. Commercial amine ethoxylates shown in Tables 27 and 28 are derived from linear alkyl amines, ahphatic /-alkyl amines, and rosin (dehydroabietyl) amines. Despite the variety of chemical stmctures, the amine ethoxylates tend to have similar properties. In general, they are yellow or amber Hquids or yellowish low melting soHds. Specific gravity at room temperature ranges from 0.9 to 1.15, and they are soluble in acidic media. Higher ethoxylation promotes solubiUty in neutral and alkaline media. The lower ethoxylates form insoluble salts with fatty acids and other anionic surfactants. Salts of higher ethoxylates are soluble, however. Oil solubiUty decreases with increasing ethylene oxide content but many ethoxylates with a fairly even hydrophilic—hydrophobic balance show appreciable oil solubiUty and are used as solutes in the oil phase. 

The fulvene route was also successfully employed in the preparation of a compound, which can be regarded as one of the most advanced molecular models for a catalytically active titanium center on a silica surface. When Cp Ti(C5Me4CH2) was reacted with the monosilylated silsesquioxane precursor 12 in refluxing toluene a color change from deep purple to amber was observed. Crystallization afforded a bright-yellow material, which was subsequently shown to be the novel mo o(pentamethyleyclopentadienyl) titanium(IV) silsesquioxane complex 126 (69% yield). Its formation is illustrated schematically in Scheme 42. 

A step forward along the route to the correct modelling of the spectroscopy and photochemical reactivity of photoreactive proteins is represented by the implementation of a Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) computational strategy based on a suitable QM part coupled with a protein force field such as AMBER [34] (or CHARMM [35]). Very recently a CASPT2//CASSCF/AMBER method for rhodopsin has been implemented in our laboratory [36,37] within the QM/MM hnk-atom scheme [38]. Special care has been taken in the parametrization of the protonated Schiff base linkage region that describes the dehcate border region between the MM (the protein)... 

There are only a handful of appropriate facilities in the world for reclaiming nickel cadmium batteries, and all are subject to scrutiny and permitting by their national governments. Therefore, identification of an appropriate recycling destination is simple and, so long as collected materials are routed to one of these facilities, the transboundary shipping requirements that make up the OECD amber scheme are unnecessaiy. 

Spirocyclic [l]ferrocenophanes have also been shown to thermally polymerize and these species function as cross-linking agents that allow access to PFSs with controlled cross-link densities2 Amber, solvent-swellable gels are available via this route (see Section 12.06.3.3.2). The [l]dichlorosilaferrocenophane 74 provides a very useful precursor to [l]ferrocenophanes 75 with alkoxy (or amino) substituents and subsequent ROP allows access to, for example, polyferrocenylalkoxysilanes 76 (Equation (31)). In addition, polymers with Si-H or Si-Gl groups have been prepared and these provide opportunities for post-polymerization modification via hydrosilylation and nucleo-... 

Properties Amber vise, lig. sol. in most org. soivs. and water m.w. 189.31 dens. 0.9980 (20/20 C) vapor pressure < 0.01 mm Hg (20 C) m.p. -30 C b.p. 340 C (dec.) flash pt. (OC) 325 F ref. index 1.5055 Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 3990 mg/kg, (dermal, rabbit) 660 mg/kg, (IV, mouse) 320 mg./kg poison by ing. and IV route mod. toxic by skin contact corrosive strong primary irritant to skin, eyes, mucous membranes causes burns mutagen TSCA listed Precaution Combustible exposed to heat or flame corrosive can react with oxidizing materials... 

Properties Amber liq. mild odor sol. in most org. soivs. si. sol. in water m.w. 359.58 Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 9.66 mg/kg, (IV, rat) 6.6 mg/kg, (dermal, rat) 30-108 mg/kg poison by ing., skin contact, IP, subcut. and IV routes human blood system effects by skin contact a cholinesterase inhibitor Environmental Toxic to fish Precaution EPA extremely hazardous substances list corrosive to metal Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits very toxic fumes of Cl" and POx Uses Insecticide, acaricide, nematicide, parasiticide... 

Properties Clear to amber liq. antiseptic odor misc. with water m.w. 241.89 sp.gr. 1.25 b.p. > 120 C (dec.) flash pt. <200F Toxicology LD50 (oral, mammal) 118 mg/kg, (IV, mouse) 10 mg/kg poison by ing. and IV routes primary irritant severe skin and eye irritant corrosive inh. may cause sore throat and possible headaches ing. may cause abdominal pain... 

Properties Water-wh. to It. amber liq. orcryst. pleasant floral odor misc. with alcohol, ether, benzene, toluene, aromatic soivs. insol. in water, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol m.w. 134.18 dens. 1.01 kg/l (20 C) vapor pressure 1 mm (50 C) f.p. 18.6 C m.p. 21 C b.p. 217-218 C flash pt. 87 C ref. index 1.5258 Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 4490 pl/kg, (IP, mouse) 100 mg/kg, (subcut., mouse) 2250 mg/kg, (skin, rabbit) 4490 mg/kg poison by IP route mod. toxic by subcut. route mildly toxic by ing., skin contact primary irritant skin/eye irritant TSCA listed... 

Properties Colorless to amber oily liq. turns red to brn. on exposure to light and air sol. in DMSO, 95% ethanol, acetone sol. 5-10 mg/ml in water m.w. 137.18 sp.gr. 1.0652 (16/4 C) vapor pressure 3.48 mm Hg (25 C) m.p. 2-4 C b.p. 250 C flash pt. 115 C ref. index 1.5528 (20 C) Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 580 mg/kg, (IP, mouse) 692 mg/kg LCLo (inh., rat) 250 mg/m harmful liq. and fumes highly toxic by inh. mod. toxic by ing. and unknown routes toxic by skin absorp. may cause irritation on contact readily absorbed thru skin danger of cumulative effects irritating to eyes, skin, respiratory system may cause cyanosis, hypothermia, headache, drowsiness, vomiting, nephritis and irritation of the alimentary tract TSCA listed... 

Properties Lemon to amber liq., char, odor, bitter taste sol. in water, alcohol, ethyl acetate, methanol, dioxane insol. in min. oil, min. spirits m.w. 1227.72 HLB 16.9 acid no. 0-2 sapon. no. 40-50 hyd. no. 60-108 nonionic Toxicoiogy LD50 (oral, rat) 37 g/kg, (IV, mouse) 1420 m kg, (IP, rat) 3850 mg/kg mod. toxic by IP, IV route mildly toxic by ing. human skin irritant experimental teratogen, reproductive effects TSCA listed... 

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