Alternative fuels types

Alternative reactor types are possible for the VHTR. China s HTR-10 [35] and South Africa s pebble bed modular reactor (PBMR) [41] adopted major elements of pebble bed reactor design including fuel element from the past German experience. The fuel cycles might be thorium- or plutonium-based or potentially use mixed oxide (MOX) fuel. 

An alternative plotting format was used by Bullen and Thomas [6] for the mass loss rate, which shows the effect of fuel type in Figure 11.18. These data include an extensive compilation by Harmathy [27] for wood crib fuels (including the CIB data). Here the fuel area is included, but the compartment area is omitted. This shows the lack of... 

Alternative fuels are substitute fuel sources to petroleum. These fuels are important because they replace petroleum fuels however, some still include a small amount of petroleum in the mixture. By replacing petroleum-based fuels, we will no longer need to rely on fossil fuel, which is a non-renewable resource. There are many benefits in using alternative fuels as well. The population of automobiles is currently dominated by vehicles burning gasoline, where the main alternative fuels for these types of vehicles are alcohol, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen and electricity. 

Currently there is great interest in alternate fuels manufacture, and plant configuration studies are published by the dozen. Such configurations usually include a "Claus process" box all too often the material fed into the box could not be handled by any known Claus-type process. This paper is meant to point out some of the problems needing recognition, and some of the solutions. One solution is a new process suited to some coal gasifiers. 

Although natural gas feedstock currently is preferred by some demonstration plants, alternative fuels, such as light distillates, coal gas. and fuel-grade methanol may be used. Methanol can be steam reformed at relatively low temperatures and. for this reason, can be adapted to smaller, transportable fuel-cell power plants of the type desired for certain military and commercial gear. 

This process is suitable for the desulfurization of high-sulfur residua (atmospheric and vacuum) to produce low-sulfur fuel oils or catalytic cracking feedstocks. In addition, the process can be used, through alternate design types, to upgrade high-sulfur crude oils or bitumen that are not suitable for the more conventional refining techniques. 

Alternative Fuels Data Center (AFDC) A program sponsored by the Department of Energy to collect emissions, operational and maintenance data on all types of alternative fuel vehicles across the country. 

Burning tires in existing pulp and paper mills and certain types of cement kilns requires much less capital investment than the dedicated power plants mentioned above. Pulp and paper mills often bum hog-fuel (chipped wood), thus requiring very little modification for tire chips. The main economic variable is the price of the competing fuel. Tire-derived fuel must often compete with low cost coal or petroleum coke, a waste product from the petroleum refining process. If tdf is only slightly cheaper than the alternate fuel, then plant modification cannot be justified. 

As of 2009, there were only a few hundred hydrogen-fueled vehicles in the United States. (In contrast, there were many more alternative-fueled vehicles of other types.) Very few of the... 

In comparison to other types of vehicles that use alternative fuels, there are very few vehicles that run on hydrogen. 

Table IV summarizes the expected impact of the synfuel physical and chemical properties on the combustion process. In general, the properties of alternative and synthetic liquid fuels vary considerably as the fuel types range from unrefined to hydrogenated liquid fuels from coal, shale, and tar sands. Synthetic fuels of various levels of refinement will be used by the industrial, commercial, and utility sectors to produce thermal enegy for direct process heat, mechanical energy, steam, hot water, and the production of electricity. Consequently,...

Building infrastructure in anticipation of market development has rarely happened, and when it has, the investors have usually been disappointed, especially with high cost refueling stations, such as for natural gas or electricity. Fuels with lower infrastructure investment costs, such as ethanol, would appear to have lower barriers to introduction. However, the target markets for these fuels are general consumer vehicles which refuel at branded and independent stations. Branded stations have been reluctant to offer fuels not supported by the parent companies both types of stations have thin profit margins that increase the opportunity costs of replacing a conventional pump with an alternative fuel. 

All fermentation or bioprocesses start with the selection of the cell type. The choice is dependent on the product synthesized, the amount of product needed, the purity of the required product, and of course the cost. A bio-pharmaceutical such as an antibiotic, antibody, or protein that is directly injected into a human requires a highly pure product, whereas food products require intermediate purity, while commodity products such as ethanol produced for alternative fuel usage do not require as stringent sterile methodology. The advantages and disadvantages of the major classes or cell types are summarized in Table 1. 

Interest in methanol as an alternative fuel revived in the late 1990s—for fuel cells. It wasn t the first time this type of alcohol attracted the attention of the clean-energy community. A number of strategists had argued decades earlier that hydrogen, normally a gas, might not be the preferred eco-fuel for automotive use after all and that perhaps some other liquid fuel might be preferable. 

Types of Information Air quality topics, alternative fuels, and motor vehble retrofit devices... 

The fuel economy and emissions analysis evaluated the following for alternative vehicle and fuel types ... 

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