Alternate methods of testing

An alternative method of testing the significance of a regression is by analysing the variance of the dependent variable y into its component factors. 

The equations in Tables 5.1—5.6 assume that, at every proof test, all the elements are tested at the same time. An alternative method of testing is to stagger the test of each redundant element. Assume, for a two-element redundant system, that element A starts new at time equal zero, runs for half the normal proof-test period, then a proof test is completed on element B, then after a further half of the normal proof-test period element A is tested, and so on. 

Califomia law prohibits animal testing when alternatives have been scientifically validated and adopted by appropriate agencies. To date, validated and alternative test methods are not available to replace all types of safety testing. The industry supports various groups that are involved in evaluating alternative methods of testing. Among them are... 

He presented the first training session on PSA tape technology offered by PSTC at the first world conference on adhesive tapes in 1992. Over the years, John has also presented a number of technical papers for PSTC, including Hot-Melt Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives, Practical Aspects of Formulating and Processing, Tack, The History of the Adhesive Tape Industry and Alternate Methods of Testing Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Tapes. ... 

The suggested method is appropriately implemented at the practice. The cost and working hours of unit measurement of it is less than of any alternative method of destructive test and with respect to the authenticity inspection of Stress-Deformation the given method is inferior only to destructive testing. The method was successfully implemented while evaluation of service life of main pipe-lines sections and pressure vessels as well. Data of method and instrument are used as official data equally with ultrasonic, radiation, magnetic particles methods, adding them by the previously non available information about " fatigue " metalwork structure. 

When we consider the mechanical properties of polymeric materials, and in particular when we design methods of testing them, the parameters most generally considered are stress, strain, and Young s modulus. Stress is defined as the force applied per unit cross sectional area, and has the basic dimensions of N m in SI units. These units are alternatively combined into the derived unit of Pascals (abbreviated Pa). In practice they are extremely small, so that real materials need to be tested with a very large number of Pa... 

An alternative method of removing the aniline is to add 30 ml. of concentrated sulphiu-ic acid carefully to the steam distillate, cool the solution to 0-5°, and add a concentrated solution of sodium nitrite until a drop of the reaction mixture colours potassium iodide - starch paper a deep blue instantly. As the diazotisation approaches completion, the reaction becomes slow it will therefore be necessary to test for excess of nitrous acid after an interval of 5 minutes, stirring all the wUle. About 12 g. of sodium nitrite are usually required. The diazotised solution is then heated on a boOing water bath for an hour (or until active evolution of nitrogen ceases), treated with a solution of 60 g. of sodium hydroxide in 200 ml. of water, the mixture steam-distiUed, and the quinoline isolated from the distillate by extrac-tkm with ether as above. 

Delays in working up the crude product caused violent explosions during attempted vacuum distillation. An alternative method of crystallisation is described [1]. There is a very high rate of pressure increase in exothermic decomposition [2], Energy of decomposition (in range 180-420°C) measured as 2.19 kJ/g by DSC, and Taj,24 was determined as 147°C by adiabatic Dewar tests, with an apparent energy of activation of 168 kJ/mol [3], The initial decomposition temperature by ARC was 166°C. 

Ester interchange between the additive and polymer would be expected if the mixture were held for an excessive time in the melt. In order to avoid the potential for interchange, the blendings were conducted in solution and heated only for a time necessary to melt press films for flammability testing. An alternative method of film preparation by solvent casting of films was discarded due to difficulties in preparing uniform, sufficiently thick, solvent free films for evaluation. 

Explain the use of animals in drug testing. Provide examples to show alternative methods for testing the drugs. Discuss the pros and cons of... 

Alternative methods are possible the three regional pharmacopeias (United States, European, and Japanese) allow an individual laboratory able to do the official method to validate an alternative method of analysis. The latter is chosen usually for speed, eonvenience, or expense but also to incorporate an existing database when a new or revised pharmaeopeial method is adopted. Under those provisions, a laboratory ean validate a method from another pharmacopeia, thereby avoiding duplication of routine work. In all three cases, only the official method could be used in eompli-ance or contest. One point of harmonization is to avoid even the more remote in-stanees of duplieative testing in addition to international produet registration. 

It is sometimes claimed that the use of animal data for estimating human risk does not provide strong scientific support. However, because it is difficult to find alternative methods to test the direct toxic effects of chemicals, continuance of studies in animals is required for risk assessment of chemicals including PAEs. 

The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) reporting requirements for effluent testing allow alternate methods of analysis to be substituted for the prescribed methods if prior approval has been obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) regional administrator having jurisdiction where the discharge occurs. 

An alternative method of obtaining the gas evolution rate is to use an open test, venting to a constant pressure automated gas burette or to a thermal mass flowmeter111. However, these techniques have been developed to characterise the normal chemical reaction by measuring gas flow rates from a heat flow calorimeter... 

Even standard methods of test often allow alternative test pieces or procedures and these may not yield equivalent results. Hence, it is important to clearly define which procedure has been followed and, when a standard has been used, to identify any deviations made from the set procedure. Test procedure requires careful attention to detail as small, apparently innocent changes can produce significant deviation in results. Equally, it is essential that that test conditions are accurately set and maintained, which is really just one aspect of quality control considered in more detail in Section 7. 

The forced vibration methods away from resonance can again be subdivided into those which apply deformation cycles and those which apply force cycles, the more usual being deformation cycles. An alternative form of test uses transient loading instead to continuous cycling. 

Whereas the error in the calculated value of the elastic scattering phase shift is usually of second order in the error in H, the error in Zeff is of first order the values of Zeg therefore tend to be rather less accurate than the corresponding phase shifts. Consequently, the value obtained for Zeg provides a sensitive test of the accuracy of a wave function, although admittedly in a very restricted region of configuration space where the positron is close to one of the electrons. Drachman and Sucher (1979) developed an alternative method of calculating Zeg in which the delta function A(ri — rt) is replaced by a global operator but, because it is... 

Some mouse strains may develop a metabolic syndromelike phenotype or have pathologically high reward-related phenotype (see Mouse Phenome Project or Mouse Genome Informatix database for these phenotypes of interest e.g., metabolic syndrome-like phenotypes in NeilltmlRsld/NeilltmlRsld mice). Thus, their sucrose consumption may be abnormally affected and alternative methods of depression testing or other mouse strains may be required. 

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