Kernels almond

Mandel-gummi, n. almond gum. -kem, m. almond kernel, -milch, /. almond milk, (Pharm.) emulsion of almond, -ol, n. almond oil. -saure, /. mandelic acid, -s ureamid, n. mandelamide. -seife, /. almond soap, -stein, m. amygdaloid tonsillar concretion. 

The P. dulcis (almond) kernels were soaked in distilled water for 2 h, peeled, air-dried and then powdered in cold (0 °C) ethyl acetate with a homogenizer. The powder was defatted by a further three washes with ethyl acetate and two washes with acetone and then stored at 4 °C. 

Iin and co-workers [40] have developed a so-called micro-aqueous organic reaction system. In contrast to former preparations of almond meal, the almond kernels are soaked in water prior to grinding. After the defatting step, the meal contains 8-10% water (w/w), making it unnecessary to add the amount of water needed for enzyme activity. The reactions are carried out in buffer-saturated organic solvents to avoid a possible drying effect of the solvent on the biocatalyst. Further addition of water to the reaction results in lower conversions and values,... 

Saura-Calixto, F., Canellas, J. and Gracia-Raso, A. (1985) Characteristics and fatty acid composition of almond tegument oil—comparison with almond kernel oil. Fette Seif. Anstrichm., 87, 4—6. 

Aspergillus flavus invasion and aflatoxin contamination in almonds are usually associated with damaged kernels (8,11,12,13). The most significant source of damage to almond kernels is caused by the navel orangeworm larvae, Amyelois transltella (Walker). 

The insect attacks the almond kernel in the orchard, after natural splitting of the fruit, as it matures. Apparently, the insect provides an invasion route for A. flavus by injuring the kernel rather than serving as a vector of the fungus (14). The source of... 

A. flavus invasion and aflatoxin development can occur in the absence of insect damage, results suggest that sound almond kernels are relatively free of aflatoxin contamination. However, surveys over a three-year period established that aflatoxin may occur in tree nuts, such as almond, throughout the growing area and that only a relatively few kernels in a large population were contaminated W ... 

Nanos, G.D., Kazantzis, L, Kefalas, P., Petrakis, C., and Stavroulakis, G.G., Irrigation and harvest time affect almond kernel quality and composition, Sci. Flortic., 96, 249-256, 2002. 

A yellowish volatile oily liquid, CeHsCHO r.d. 1.04 m.p. -26°C b.p. 178.1°C. The compound occurs in almond kernels and has an almond-like smell. It is made from methyl-benzene (by conversion to dichloromethyl benzene, C6H5CHCI2, followed by hydrolysis). Benzenecarbaldehyde is used in flavourings, perfumery, and the dyestuffs industry. 

Amygdalin Bitter almonds, kernels of peach, cherries, plruns, apples and fmits of Rosaceae Benzaldehyde... 

Determination of Oil Content and Fatty Acid in Almond Kernels... 

After crushing almond kernels, 1 g is weighed on a filter paper, the paper folded and twisted around the sample and introduced into the Kjeldahl test tube. Run two reagent blanks (with filter paper) through all stages of procedure and subtract blank titration from the sample titration. Two blanks are sufficient for a day s run. 

Pectin in almond kernels can be determined by extracting ground samples with water (soluble pectins) and then 0.05 M HCL at 100 °C for 90 min (insoluble pectins). Pectins can be determined as uronic acid by the carbazole method, using galacturonic acid as standard (Bitter and Muir 1962). 

The method can be automated as described by Berlepsch (1969) or Faichney and White (1985). Almond kernels contain only small amounts of soluble pectin (approximately llOmg/lOOg kernel), but do contain relatively large quantitives of insoluble pectin, between 1 and 2% by weight (Saura-Calixto et al. 1983). 

Weigh accurately no more than 2g of ground sample into 250-ml beaker, then add 50 ml water at about 39 °C for Ih with shaking at 100 cycles per min. Filter through a Whatman No. 541 ashless filter paper and wash three times with 50 ml water. Fold paper to enclose extracted sample, place in weighed silica crucible and dry in oven overnight. Place crucible at random in furnace and proceed as for total ash. Calculated insoluble ash as a proportion of the sample dry matter and soluble ash by difference from total ash (above). In mature almond kernels the moisture content is generally between 5 and 6% dry matter and ash between 3 and 4% dry matter. 

Saura-Calixto F, Jaime C, Lourdes S (1982) Dietary fiber and components of the nitrogen-free extract of almond kernels. J Sci Food Agric 34 1419-1422 SawardekerJS, Sloneker JH (1965) Quantitative determination of monosaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography. Anal Chem 37 945-947... 

Tests of the effect of ammonium carbonate on the prevention of mold growth and aflatoxin elaboration were done in static cultures using moistened rice or whole almond kernels as substrates and were inoculated with A. parasiticus NRRL 2999. A pellet of about 1/2 g ammonium carbonate was added one day after inoculation to each flask containing about 20 g of the inoculated substrate moistened with about 10 ml H2O containing mineral supplement. Each substrate was tested in 10 incubations in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The incubated substrates were sampled one week after inoculation to check for presence of aflatoxin. 

Bitter almond oil does not exist as such in the almond kernel, hut. results from the hydrolysis of a glucoside, amygdalin, under the influence of the naturally existing ferment emulsin. The fatty oil is obtained from the kernels by expression, and the press-cake crushed and digested with water, when the following reskction ensues —... 

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